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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

CHAMPAIGN,  FEBRUARY,  1889. 


BULLETIN  NO.  4. 


FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  CORN,  1888. 

Under  this  caption  is  given  the  record  of  the  twelve  field  experi- 
ments with  the  common  dent  corn  which  were  undertaken  by  the  Station 
during  the  season  of  1888,  except  No.  7,  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  the 
depth  and  time  of  planting,  which  was  not  carried  to  a  successful  con  - 
elusion.  The  record  of  Experiment  No.  24,  relating  to  fertilizers,  is  also 
given  here,  since  they  were  used  with  corn. 

Field  experimentation  is  beset  with  many  difficulties.  Much  of  it  is, 
indeed,  experimental.  In  each  investigation  attention  must  be  given  to 
many  small  details;  and  a  slight  neglect,  or  a  slight  error,  may  vitiate 
the  whole  experiment  and  stop  further  investigation  on  the  particular 
point  of  inquiry  until  another  season. 

Much  space  has  been  given  to  details;  first,  because  they  are  of 
importance  to  others  pursuing  similar  lines  of  investigation;  second,  in 
order  that  those  for  whom  the  results  are  designed  may  know  what  value 
to  give  them,  and  may  come  to  feel  a  confidence  in  the  methods  employed, 
so  far  as  they  deserve  it.  After  the  methods  of  investigation  become 
somewhat  settled  and  understood,  doubtless,  much  of  the  detail  of  these 
first  bulletins  of  the  Experiment  Station  may  be  omitted  to  advantage. 

The  attempt  has  been  made  to  state  the  facts  as  they  appeared  in 
each  experiment,  and  to  give  the  conditions  under  which  the  results  were 
obtained;  to  point  out  the  possibilities  and  probabilities  of  error,  and  the 
relative  weight  and  importance  of  the  results.  Further  than  this  it  is  not 
deemed  advisable  to  go.  Any  general  conclusion  that  might  be  drawn 
from  this  season's  results  may  be  reversed  by  those  of  next  season.  As 
Dr.  Fream,  speaking  of  agricultural  experimentation,  pointedly  remarks 
"  In  this  field  of  research — more,  perhaps,  than  in  any  other — those  who 
'learn  to  labor'  must  also  learn  'to  wait.' " 


38  BULLETIN   NO    4.  [February, 

Experiment  No.  i.      Corn,  Testing  of  Varied,  s. 

The  land  used  in  this  experiment — about  eight  acres — was  in  three 
tracts,  (a),  (<*),  and  (V),  as  shown  in  diagrams  on  page  70.  In  the  seasons 
of  1886  and  1887,  tract  (a)  was  in  mammoth  clover.  In  the  spring  of  1887, 
it  received  a  medium  heavy  coating  of  stable  manure  and  was  planted  to 
corn.  In  the  fall  of  1887,  it  was  plowed  six  inches  deep.  Tract  (£)  had 
been  occupied  for  several  years  with  raspberries  and  blackberries.  The 
briars  were  gathered  and  burned,  and  April  18-21,  1888,  stable  'manure 
was  put  on  at  the  rate  of  thirty  loads  per  acre.  April  27th  to  3oth,  the 
tract  was  plowed  six  inches  deep.  Tract  (Y)  was  in  corn  during  the  sea- 
sons of  1886  and  1887,  and  had  been  in  grass  for  several  years  previously. 
It  was  plowed  in  the  fall  of'  1887. 

The  preparation  of  the  seed-bed  was  similar  on  the  three  tracts.  The 
fall-plowed  land  was  disked  twice  and  harrowed  once,  and  the  spring- 
plowed  land  was  disked  and  harrowed  once.  The  plats  were  laid  off  in 
hills  3  feet  8  inches  each  way  in  the  ordinary  manner.  The  planting  was 
done  by  hand,  four  kernels  tto  a  hill,  and  covered  with  one  to  two  inches 
of  mellow  soil  with  a  hoe.  The  space  of  one  row  was  left  between  the 
successive  plats  in  this  as  in  all  the  plat  experiments  with  Indian  corn 
detailed  in  this  bulletin,  when  not  otherwise  stated.  Tract  (a)  was  planted 
May  xoth,  nth;  tract  (£),  May  i4th,  isth;  tract  (V),  May  22d. 

Tracts  (a)  and  (li)  were  cultivated  four  times  between  June  ist  and 
25th,  and  the  weeds  remaining  in  the  hills  were  removed  with  a  hoe  June 
25th  to  3oth.  Tract  (c)  was  cultivated  five  times  between  June  6th  and 
July  4th.  All  cultivation  was  done  with  a  shallow  cultivator — the  Tower. 

The  test  made  on  tract  (a)  is,  in  the  main,  a  repetition  of  one  made 
during  the  season  of  1887.  Fifteen  varieties  of  corn  which  had  taken 
premiums  at  the  Prairie  farmer  Corn  Exhibit,  at  the  Fat  Stock  Show  in 
1886,  together  with  nine  other  varieties,  were  tested  during  that  season. 
This  season  the  same  varieties  were  planted  on  nearly  the  same  plats, 
seed  for  the  purpose  having  been  obtained  from  the  original  sources,  so 
as  to  obviate,  as  far  as  possible,  difficulties  from  cross-fertilization  arising 
from  continuous  tests  of  different  varieties  upon  adjacent  plats.  In  a  few 
cases,  the  Station  was  unable  to  obtain  fresh  supplies  of  seed,  and  other 
varieties  were  substituted,  as  is  shown  by  comparing  tables,  pages  71 
and  88. 

The  varieties  planted  on  tracts  (/>)  and  (r)  were  82  in  number,  furn- 
ished by  the  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman,  Chicago,  III.;  39  furnished  by 
Thaddeus  Chester,  Champaign,  III  ;  and  15  sent  by  different  parties,  as 
noted  in  table,  page  71.  Certain  duplicate  plats  \vcre  planted  to  deter- 
mine the  relative  merits  of  the  different  tracts  and  different  portions  of  the 
same  tract. 

PLAT  EXPKRIMKN  TA  in  >.\. 

The  relative  merits  of  the  different  tracts  and  of  the  different  por- 
tions of  the  same  tract  are,  obviously,  a  subject  of  prime  importance. 


i88g.] 


VIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN — 1888. 


39 


It  is  essential  to  know  what  would  be  the  difference  in  results  between 
two  plats  planted  with  the  same  variety  of  corn,  before  we  can  judge  of 
the  merits  of  two  varieties  from  the  results  obtained  under  such  con- 
ditions. Learning,  a  yellow  variety,  and  Burr's  white,  were  selected  for 
duplicate  tests.  Learning  was  planted  on  plats  4,  10,  16,  26,  48,  and  98, 
and  Burr's  white,  on  plats  19,  25,  64,  143,  and  162.  The  following  table 
gives  the  result  in  bushels  per  acre  of  air-dry  corn: 

TABLE  SHOWING  YIELD  PER  ACRE  OF  AIR-DRY  CORN  UPON  DUPLICATE  PLATS. 


Tract  (a). 

Tract  (£). 

Tract  (r). 

jj 

1-qS 

P   o   < 

' 

^  p  cc 

P     O    5 

„ 

"2-n  1 

»  o  ^ 

? 

*35f 

o 

f*  ^  8* 

2-3  v^ 

0 

^  ™  rf 

o'  ™  ^ 

h—  < 

2,81 

^<  °  2. 

2,  "" 

^  O    ft 

i_ 

2,  M" 

-<  2,2. 

p 

PT3 

S-o" 

P 

s^ 

•  JTo- 

p 

8t! 

P  ^ 

1      S-S 

F  S-2 

O     ft 

c  S-  2 

• 

O    rt 

-*  -: 

F  S-2 

4 
10 

83-7 

1  88. 

26 

43 

86. 

88.5 

[    87.3 

98 

81.2 

81.2 

16 

874 

1 

25 

gl.O 

j-  88.  i 

64 

101.7 

101.7 

143 
162 

69.4 
76.3 

[72.8 

88.1 

945 

77- 

The  plats  of  each  of  these  tracts  were  more  than  usually  uniform,  to 
all  appearances,  and  care  was  taken  to  have  the  conditions  as  nearly  alike 
as  might  be. 

There  was  a  difference  of  over  9  bushels  per  acre  between  two  plats 
of  Learning  on  tract  (a),  and  of  2^  bushels  on  tract  (/;).  The  difference 
between  two  plats  of  Burr's  white  on  tract  (a)  was  nearly  6  bushels,  and 
on  tract  (V),  nearly  7  bushels  per  acre/  These  are  greater  differences  than 
are  often  found  between  quite  unlike  varieties,  especially  this  year  when 
most  of  the  varieties  give  a  uniformly  high  yield.  With  the  present 
knowledge,,  differences  of  5  to  10  bushels  per  acre  should  be  considered 
within  the  possibility  of  error  arising  from  uncontrollable  variations  in 
conditions,  especially  with  plats  of  i-io  of  an  acre  or  less. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  varieties,  there  was  a  difference  of 
about  6^  bushels  per  acre  between  tracts  (a)  and  (£),  and  between  tracts 
(£)  and  (r),  of  17^  bushels,  in  both  instances  in  favor  of  tract  (/>)•  These 
averages  are  probably  not  sufficient  for  any  general  conclusions;  but, 
doubtless,  some  such  differences  exist  between  the  productiveness  of  the 
three  tracts. 

[NOTK. — It  was  intended  in  this  experiment  to  use  tracts  («)  and  (If) 
only,  which  were  both  put  into  good  condition  and  planted  in  good 
season.  After  all  the  land  best  suited  for  the  purpose  had  been  used,  and 
after  it  was  too  late  in  the  season  for  the  best  results,  the  seed  of  the 
many  varieties  planted  on  tract  (V)  was  unexpectedly  received.  Tract 
(/)  is  a  uniform  piece  of  land,  buJt  considerably  less  fertile  than  tracts 
)  and  <*. 


40  BULLET/N  NO.  4.  [February, 

Another  phase  of  this  subject  is  the  size  of  the  plats  used.  Other 
things  being  equal,  there  is  a  greater  chance  of  variations  on  small  plats 
than  on  large  plats.  Obviously,  an  accident  to  one  hill  on  a  plat  of  a 
sixtieth  of  an  acre  produces  sixty  times  the  difference  in  yield  per  acre 
that  it  would,  if  a  hill  were  destroyed  on  an  acre  plat.  By  the  law  of 
averages,  the  chance  differences  are  in  a  measure  counteracted  on  the 
larger  plats.  This  is  illustrated  in  the  weights  of  ear  corn  obtained  from 
each  row  of  the  several  plats  on  tract  (<z),  as  shown  in  table,  page  77. 
On  plat  3  there  was  a  difference  of  16  pounds  between  rows  2  and  3.  As 
a  row  in  this  case  was  equal  to  1-72  of  an  acre,  the  difference  in  yield 
between  equal  rows  of  the  same  variety  was  about  16  bushels  per  acre. 
The  sum,  however,  of  the  weights  of  rows  2  and  3  of  each  of  the  25  plats 
differed  77  pounds,  which  was  a  difference  of  about  3  bushels  per  acre. 
On  plat  19  there  was  a  difference  in  yield  of  20  pounds  between  rows  4 
and  5,  equal  to  .about  20  bushels  per  acre;  while  the  sums  of  the  weights 
of  these  rows  on  the  25  plats  differ  by  only  ^  of  a  pound,  or  about  1-30 
of  a  bushel  per  acre.  On  plat  10  there  was  a  difference  of  10  pounds 
between  rows  6  and  7,  equal  to  about  10  bushels  per  acre;  while 
the  sums  of  the  weights  of  these  rows  on  the  25  plats  differ  only  ^  of 
a  pound,  or  1-30  of  a  bushel  per  acre.  Again,  the  difference  in  yield  of 
row  8  of  plats  6  and  7  was  nearly  25  pounds,  equal  to  about  25  bushels 
per  acre;  while  the  difference  in  the  yield  per  acre  of  these  plats  was, 
when  husked,  3.4  bushels,  and  when  air- dry,  i  bushel  per  acre.  It  is  easy 
to  see  what  error  might  have  been  made,  if  one  row  of  each  plat  had  been 
selected  as  sufficient  to  determine  the  yield  per  acre  of  the  several  plats; 
but  yet  that  is  what  is  done,  in  effect,  when  the  size  of  the  plats  is  reduced 
to  1-72  of  an  acre  or  less. 

The  illustrations  given  are  only  a  few  of  the  more  striking  ones  to 
be  found  in  the  table  on  page  77.  Those  wishing  further  data,  may  find 
them  in  the  table  in  Experiment  No.  8,  and  in  tables  in  Experiment  No  if. 

Great  as  are  the  difficulties  of  obtaining  satisfactory  results  with 
small  plats,  there  are  even  greater  difficulties  with  large  plats.  It  is  much 
easier  to  obtain  like  conditions  of  soil  with  eighty  one-fortieth-acre  plats 
than  with  eighty  plats  of  an  acre  each.  The  expense  of  testing  the 
requisite  number  of  varieties  in  other  directions  than  that  of  the  yield 
per  acre  would,  of  course,  be  great  on  large  plats  and  probably  not  com- 
mensurate with  the  results.  For  the  yield  in  itself  in  tests  of  these  kinds 
is,  by  no  means,  all  that  is  sought.  The  season  of  growth,  the  percentage 
of  barren  stalks,  the  height  of  stalk  and  ear,  the  size,  shape,  and  other 
characteristics  of  the  ear,  the  relative  percentage  of  water  in  the  several 
varieties  tested,  the  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  a  bushel,  the  loss  by  dry- 
ing, the  determination  of  varieties  and  of  variety  differences  are  subjects 
not  depending  on  the  size  of  plats,  which  it  is  hoped  that  the  work  pre- 
sented in  this  bulletin  indicates  are  of  importance.  To  learn  that  a 
variety,  introduced  as  something  wonderful,  is  merely  an  old  variety  under 
a  new  name,  or  to  find  that  a  supposed  variety  of  which  different  reports 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  41 

are  made  is.  in  fact,  two  varieties,  is  vastly  more  important  than  to  learn 
in. a  particular  test  that  two  well  known  and  meritorious  varieties  differ 
by  five  or  ten  bushels  per  acre. 

The  yields  per  acre  reported  from  small  plats  are  somewhat  greater 
than  would  be  obtained  in  field  culture.  As  the  experiment  is  conducted, 
the  smaller  the  plat  the  greater  is  the  opportunity  of  obtaining  a  larger 
yield  per  acre.  So  long  as  the  plats  are  of  equal  size,  the  relative  yields 
will  remain  nearly  the  same;  but  where  the  plats  are  of  unequal  size, 
there  is  opportunity  for  an  appreciable  variation.  This  may  be  illus- 
trated by  referring  again  to  the  table  of  field  weights,  page  77.  On  tract 
(a)  the  average  weight  of  ear  corn  of  the  two  outside  rows  of  the  25  plats 
was  2,383  pounds,  while  the  average  weight  of  the  six  inside  rows  was 
2,122  pounds,  an  increase  of  261  pounds,  or  about  12  per  cent,  in  each  of 
the  outside  rows.  On  tract  (£),  plats  26  to  90,  the  west  third  and  the 
middle  third  of  each  plat  were  weighed  separately.  The  outside  third  of 
the  64  plats  weighed  2,997  and  the  middle  third,  2,766  pounds,  an  increase 
on  the  outside  third  of  231  pounds  or  about  8  per  cent.  On  tract  (V), 
Nos.  92  to  113,  there  are  some  irregularities,  and  the  average  of  the  out- 
side sixth  of  the  plats  is  but  two  pounds  higher  than  that  of  the  inside 
sixth.  On  tract  (V),  Nos.  114  to  168,  the  average  of  the  outside  third  is 
again  about  8  per  cent,  more  than  that  of  the  inside  third.  On  tract  (a), 
the  outside  rows  are  ^  of  the  whole  plat;  and,  therefore,  the  yield  of  the 
plats,  was  increased  about  3  per  cent.  On  tract  (<£),  the  outside  third  was 
one-half  the  quantity  used  in  determining  the  yield,  and,  therefore,  the 
yield  of  the  plats  was  increased  about  four  per  cent.;  while  on  tract  (c\ 
Nos.  114  to  168,  as  the  outside  third  was  two-thirds  the  quantity  used, 
the  yield  was  increased  five  per  cent.  The  reason  for  the  increase  in 
yield  is  sufficiently  obvious.  The  vacant  land  about  each  plat  supplies 
extra  food  to  the  adjacent  row.  In  the  plats  on  tract  (#),  which  are  one- 
ninth  of  an  acre  each,  this  land  amounts  to  about  one-eight  of  the  whole 
plat;  while  in  the  plats  on  tract  (/),  Nos.  114  to  168,  which  are  one-for- 
tieth of  an  acre  'each,  it  amounts  to  about  one-fourth  of  the  whole  plat. 
The  weights  given  were  not  taken  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the 
question,  and  are  not  in  most  cases  those  that  would  best  show  this  result, 
as  the  weight  of  the  outside  row  around  the  whole  compared  to  the  inner 
portion  of  the  plat  is  what  would  give  the  full  difference.  The  weights 
given,  however,  are  believed  to  be  sufficient  in  number  to  establish  fully 
the  probability  of  error  where  different  sized  plats  are  used. 

There  is  a  further  chance  of  error,  and  a  probability  also,  in  plats  of 
the  same  size.  The  larger  and  later  maturing  varieties  require  more  room 
for  their  full  development  than  the  smaller  and  earlier  maturing  varieties, 
and  for  this  reason  it  is  customary  to  plant  the  hills  farther  apart — some- 
times five  feet  apart,  it  is  said,  in  the  more  southern  latitudes.  On  this 
account  the  later  maturing  varieties  are  more  affected  by  the  vacant  land 
about  the  plats.  On  tract  (a~),  the  outside  rows  of  eight  early  maturing 
varieties  yielded  eight  per  cent,  more  corn  than  the  corresponding  inside 


42 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


rows;  eleven  medium  maturing,  twelve  per  cent,  more,  and  six  late  and 
non-maturing  varieties,  eighteen  and  one  half  per  cent.  more.  This 
would  make  an  increase  in  yield  above  the  normal  for  the  whole  plat  of 
two,  three,  and  four  and  one-half  per  cent.,  respectively. 

RESULTS. 

In  the  tables,  pages  71  to  88,  are  given  in  detail  the  results  obtained 
from  the  varieties  tested,  and  a  description  and  classification  of  a  large 
number  of  the  dent  varieties  will  be  found  on  pages  48  to  67.  A  sum- 
mary of  the  results  obtained  from  82  dent  varieties,  tested  on  tracts  (a) 
and  (^),  Nos.  i  to  85  (except  Nos  75,  76,  and  79,  from  which  yields  are 
not  reported  on  account  of  insufficient  stand),  is  given  below.  The  var- 
ieties are  divided  into  early  maturing,  which  ripened  this  season  in  125, 
or  less,  days  from  date  of  planting;  medium  maturing,  which  ripened  in 
from  125  to  135  days;  late  maturing,  which  ripened  in  from  135  to  145 
days;  and  non-maturing.  On  account  of  the  later  planting  of  the  varie- 
ties on  tract  (V),  they  can  not  be  fairly  brought  into  this  classification 
and  are,  therefore,  omitted. 

TABLE   SHOWING  SUMMARY  OF   RESULTS   FOR   EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES;    ME- 
DIUM MATURING;  LATE  MATURING;  AND  NON-MATURING. 


V 

3    < 

-    <T> 

c  ~ 

3> 

J> 

, 

2  5 

2w 

2  ? 

3  ~ 

-  °3 

£  " 

s  £ 

§73 

~2.  n 

-.  n 

Items. 

OT9    —i 

n  JT 

52, 

cfq  o^ 

1"^ 

tl 

1"^ 

2^ 

f  2 

^  ^* 

en    O 

2_ 

a' 

f? 

5 

j 

Percentage   of  kernels    germinaiing  in   Geneva 

apparatus  .          .            .... 

06 

O7 

oo. 

78 

Percentage  of  kernels  producing  plants  in  field 

' 

71' 

/o. 

in  14  to  15  days..            

84. 

So. 

7J. 

71 

Percentage  of  full  stand,  4  stalks  per  hill  

88. 

87. 

8 

/  *• 

86. 

Percentage  of  barren  stalks  

8. 

/ 
I  I. 

.^- 

Average  height  of  stalks,  ft  

08 

" 

II.  e 

12.2 

* 

12.7 

Average  height  of  butt  of  ear  Irom  ground,  ft.  . 

4-5 

J 

5-5 

6.2 

—  •  / 

7- 

Average  length  of  3  specimen  ears,  inches  

8-3 

9- 

97 

99 

Average  circum.  of  3  specimen  ears,  inches.  .  .  . 

633 

6.97 

7.22 

7.06 

Average  circum.  of  3  specimen  cobs,  inches.  .  .  . 

3  71 

397 

4.17 

4.06 

Number  of  good  ears  per  acre  

7-597- 

7,482. 

6,263. 

5.678. 

Number  of  nubbins  per  acre.                    .        .    . 

2  048. 

2,741. 

2.74s. 

271O 

Total  number  of  ears  per  acre 

"'  VT*-" 
IO.545. 

fc>  /  1  *  * 
IO  22^ 

••  /  *r:>* 

9,008. 

*""  i          ' 

8.388. 

Weight  of  100  good  ears,  Ib  

60. 

•  ^')<r'*'J' 

74. 

100. 

Weight  of  100  nubbins,  Ib.  .        

/  T^ 

EI. 

So. 

Weight  of  loo  average  ears,   Ib.. 

|??' 

68. 

80. 

Lb.  of  ear  corn  to  make  bu.  when  husked  

67.2 

68.4 

71  4 

1    -T" 

7  v  S 

Lb.  of  ear  corn,  when  husked,  tomake  bu.  air-dry. 

/ 

73-3 

_  ™    ! 

78.1 

/ 

87.8 

i  j  j 

102  4 

Yield  per  acre  from  good  ears,  bu.        .... 

67.  5 

84. 

81.2 

77.7 

Yield  per  acre  from  nubbins,  bu  

/  j 
15.1 

*-"T' 

1  8. 

20.4 

lit 
16.4 

Yield  per  acre,  total,  when  husked,  bu  

826 

IO2. 

101.6 

94.1 

Yield,  per  acre  of  air  dry  corn,  bushels  

7;.  6 

8q.S 

83.2 

67.8 

Loss  in  drying,  bu  

/  J 

7. 

7 

12.2 

**J    "* 

18.4 

26.3 

Percentage  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  .    . 

/ 

I  o.  ^  ^ 

21  8 

•^-  «-f 

27.2 

1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1  888.  43 

The  percentage  of  seed  germinating,  as  tested  in  the  Geneva  appa- 
ratus, at  an  average  temperature  of  79°  Fahrenheit,  showed  that  the  seed 
of  the  early  maturing  and  medium  maturing  varieties  was  generally  of 
extra  good  quality;  that  seed  of  the  late  maturing  varieties  was  of  fair 
quality;  that  seed  of  what  proved  to  be  non-maturing  varieties  here  was 
of  poor  quality,  only  about  three-fourths  germinating.  Of  course,  where 
the  seed  was  grown,  those  that  hero  proved  non-maturing  were  maturing 
varieties,  and  some  of  the  varieties,  which  here  were  early  maturing,  would, 
where  the  seed  was  grown,  be  late  maturing.  The  percentage  of  kernels 
producing  plants  in  fourteen  to  fifteen  days  after  planting  was  least  in  the 
non-maturing  and  most  in  the  early  maturing  varieties.  In  the  early 
maturing  varieties  13;  in  the  medium  maturing,  28;  in  the  late  maturing, 
18;  and  in  the  non  maturing,  10  per  cent,  of  the  corn  capable  of  germi- 
nating under  favorable  conditions  failed  to  produce  plants  in  the  field  in 
two  weeks. 

Four  stalks  to  a  hill,  the  number  of  kernels  planted,  is  considered  a 
full  stand,  merely  for  purposes  of  comparison,  and  is  not  to  be  taken  as 
indicating  the  proper  thickness  of  planting.  There  was,  on  an  average, 
in  each  division -about  seven  eighths  of  a  full  stand,  or  3^  stalks  per  hill. 
This  includes  suckers.  In  giving  the  yields,  no  correction  has  been  made 
for  differences  in  stand.  Undoubtedly  the  number  of  stalks  per  hill  or 
per  acre  will  affect  the  yield;  but  it  can  be  no  less  doubted  that  there  is 
no  constant  relation  between  the  number  of  stalks  per  acre  and  the  yield. 

In  Experiment  No.  5,  in  which  corn  was  planted  under  similar  con- 
ditions in  six  degrees  of  thickness,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  average  number 
of  stalks  harvested  per  acre  was  29,500,  17,100,  13,900,  12,400,  11,500, 
and  6,200,  while  the  yield  of  corn  per  acre  was  89,  95,  87,  87,  72,  and  60 
bushels,  respectively.  In  the  last  case,  the  stand  was  one-half  a  full 
stand.  Assuming  that  the  yield  must  be  doubled  to  make  up  for  the 
deficiency  in  the  "stand  would  make  the  yield  120  bushels.  But,  in  fact, 
the  yield  from  a  full  stand  was  but  87  bushels  per  acre. 

The  number  of  barren  stalks  was  greatest  in  the  late  maturing  vari- 
eties, 13  per  cent.,  and  least  in  the  early  maturing  varieties,  8  per  cent. 
The  greatest  per  cent,  of  barren  stalks  in  any  one  variety  of  those  under 
consideration  was  in  No.  28.  Several  varieties  had  no  barren  stalks. 

The  date  of  maturity  decidedly  affects  the  height  of  the  ears,  and 
is  one  of  the  many  indications  of  the  adaptability  of  the  plant  to  climatic 
differences.  In  height  of  stalk,  the  most  difference  was  found  between 
the  early  maturing  and  medium  maturing  varieties,  the  former  being  9.8 
feet  and  the  latter  11.5  feet;  the  least  difference  was  found  between  the 
late  maturing  and  non-maturing  varieties,  the  former  being  12.2  feet  and 
the  latter  12.7  feet.  The  total  average  difference  in  height  of  stalk  be- 
tween the  early  maturing  and  non-maturing  varieties  was  nearly  3  feet; 
and  of  ear,  2^/2  feet.  The  average  height  of  ear  of  the  early  maturing  vari- 
eties, 4l/z  feet,  would  probably  be  most  convenient  for  the  husker.  The 
highest  stalks  wore  those  of  No.  62,  Gould  Hill  prolific,  which  average-l 


44  IH-I.LRTIN   NO.   4.  [February, 

14^4  feet,  with  ears  9  feet  high.  One  stalk  was  measured  that  was  16^ 
feet  high,  and  the  ear  was  10  feet  from  the  ground.  The  shortest  stalks 
of  any  dent  variety  were  those  of  No.  138,  Dakota  red,  which  averaged 
lYz  feet  high,  with  ears  2^  feet  high. 

Both  the  size  and  weight  of  the  ear  increased  from  the  early  to  the 
late  maturing  varieties.  The  average  weight  of  100  ears,  when  husked,  in 
the  early  maturing  varieties  was  53  pounds;  in  the  medium  maturing,  68; 
and  in  the  late  maturing  varieties,  80.  While  the  length  of  the  ears  in 
the  non-maturing  varieties  was  greater  than  in  the  late  maturing, 
neither  the  diameter  of  the  ear  nor  of  the  cob  was  so  large.  The  weight 
of  100  ears  was  4  pounds  greater;  but,  owing  to  the  much  larger  percent- 
age of  water  in  the  immature  corn,  when  dry,  the  weight  would  probably 
be  less. 

The  average  per  cent,  of  water  in  27  early  maturing  varieties  was 
18.33  Per  cent.;  32  medium  maturing  varieties,  21.80;  in  the  late  matur- 
ing varieties,  27.20;  and  in  the  non-maturing  varieties,  35  95.  In  other 
words,  there  was  somewhat  over  a  sixth  more  water  in  medium  maturing 
than  in  the  early  maturing;  about  one-half  more  in  the  late  maturing; 
and  twice  as  much  in  the  non-maturing  varieties. 

The  plats  were  huskecl  October  2oth  to  3oth,  and  from  one  to  five 
days  (usually  three  days)  after  husking,  corn  of  each  plat  was  shelled 
and  the  water  determined  in  an  average  sample.  Generally  the  early 
maturing  varieties  had  the  appearance  and  feel  of  well  dried  corn;  the 
medium  varieties  were  in  good  merchantable  condition,  such  as  corn  is 
in  usually  when  husked;  in  the  late  maturing  varieties,  many  of  the  ears, 
although  usually  solid,  were  moist  to  the  feel;  and  the  non-maturing 
varieties  contained  many  soft  ears. 

Two  varieties,  Learning  and  Burr's  white,  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn 
one  year  old,  were  sampled  during  the  fall  of  1887,  and  the  percentage  of 
water  in  each  ascertained.  Learning  contained  10.91  per  cent,  and  Burr's 
white,  11.29  Per  cent.,  or  on  an  average,  practically,  eleven  per  cent,  of 
water.  Many  analyses  have  been  made  which  show  that  air-dry  corn  has 
a  comparatively  constant  percentage  of  water.  In  the  calculations  given, 
therefore,  corn  containing  eleven  per  cent,  of  water  is  assumed  to  be  air- 
dry.  Commercial  corn  contains,  probably,  a  somewhat  higher  percentage 
of  water,  taking  an  average  of  all  seasons  of  the  year,  but  on  this  point 
there  are  no  data. 

Granting  air-dry  corn  to  contain  eleven  per  cent,  of  water,  the  loss 
from  the  time  the  crop  was  gathered  until  it  became  thoroughly  air-day 
would  be,  in  1,000  bushels  of  the  early  maturity  varieties,  85  bushels;  of 
the  medium  maturing,  120;  of  the  late  maturing,  180;  of  the  non-matur- 
ing varieties,  280.  When  the  corn  was  husked  it  took  67  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel — 56  pounds  of  shelled  corn — in  the  early  maturing 
varieties;  68  pounds  in  the  medium  maturing;  71,  in  the  late  maturing; 
and  74,  in  the  non-maturing  varieties.  To  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air-dry  corn  it  took,  when  the  corn  was  husked,  73  pounds  of  ear  corn  in 


1889.]  FIi:i  I)     F.Xl'F.RI.MKNTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  45 

the  early  maturing;   78,  in  the  medium  maturing;  88,  in  the  late  maturing; 
and  102,  in  the  non-maturing  varieties. 

The  medium  maturing  .varieties  gave  the  largest  yield,  102  bushels 
when  husked  and  90  bushels  when  air-dry.  The  yield  of  the  late  matur- 
ing was  about  equal  to  the  medium  maturing  when  husked,  but  it  was  6.5 
bushels  less  when  dry*  The  yield  of  the  early  maturing  varieties  when 
husked  was  about  83  bushels,  when  dry,  76  bushels;  while  of  the  non- 
maturing  when  husked,  it  was  94,  and  when  dry,  68  bushels.  The  loss 
per  acre  was,  therefore,  in  the  early  maturing  varieties,  7  bushels;  in  the 
medium  maturing,  12;  in  the  late  maturing,  18;  and  in  the  non-maturing, 
26.  Any  one  wishing  to  know  the  relative  yield  of  any  given  variety  on 
tracts  (0)  and  (£)  should  compare  the  yield  of  the  variety  in  question 
with  the  average  of  the  class  to  which  it  belongs,  as  given  in  the  above 
table.  It  must  be  constantly  borne  in  mind  that  a  difference  of  5  to  10 
bushels  in  yield  may  often  be  due  to  accidental  and  uncontrollable  cir- 
cumstances; and,  in  judging  of  the  merits  of  a  variety,  other  results  than 
the  yield  in  a  particular  test  should  be  carefully  considered.  In  the  de- 
scription of  varieties,  the  merit  of  certain  varieties  for  the  different  por- 
tions of  the  state  has  been  commented  upon  according  to  the  indications 
in  the  test  of  one  and,  in  some  cases,  two  years. 

RESULTS  OF  1887  AND  1888  COMPARED. 

Eighteen  of  the  plats  of  tract  (0)  have  grown  the  same  variety  of 
corn  two  years  successively,  care  being  taken  to  get  fresh  seed  from  its 
original  sources  for  the  second  year's  planting.  The  average  yield  per 
acre  when  the  corn  was  husked  for  1887  was  32.1  bushels;  and  for  1888 
it  was  94.2  bushels.  Seed  of  the  same  varieties,  obtained  from  the  same 
sources,  planted  on  the  same  plats,  and  given  as  nearly  as  possible  the 
same  culture,  yielded,  when  husked,  nearly  three  times  as  much  corn  in 
1888  as  it  did  in  1887.  The  largest  yield  per  acre  of  air  dry  corn  in  1887 
was  36.5  bushels  from  an  early  maturing  variety,  No.  14,  Murdock;  and  in 
1888  the  largest  yield  was  93  bushels  from  a  medium  maturing  variety,  No. 
4,  Learning.  Six  early  maturing  varieties  in  1887  averaged  29  bushels  per 
acre;  seven  medium  maturing  varieties,  30;  and  four  late  maturing  varieties, 
28.  In  1888  the  yield  of  dry  corn  per  acre  from  the  same  was  82,  86,  and 
87  bushels,  respectively.  In  the  season  of  1887  the  percentage  of  water  in 
the  several  varieties  was  estimated  from  sample  ears,  and  not  from  aver- 
age samples.  The  percentages  of  water  are,  therefore,  somewhat  too  low 
and  the  bushels  of  air-dry  corn  per  acre,  as  given,  a  little  too  high.  As 
determined,  the  average  percentage  of  water  in  the  eighteen  varieties 
under  consideration  in  1887  was  18.35,  while  in  1888  it  was  21.39.  Ac- 
cording  to  this,  in  the  season  of  1887  the  yield  per  acre  of  dry.corn  was  29.4 
bushels,  while  in  1888  it  was  83.2  bushels.  The  loss  of  a  thousand  bush- 
els in  drying  would  have  been  83  bushels  in  1887  and  117  bushels  in  1888. 

When  husked,  it  required  70.4  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  produce  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn  in  1887,  and  68  pounds  in  1888.  Seemingly,  since 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


the  cob  develops  earlier  than  the  corn,  the  early  part  of  the  season  of 
1887  was  better  suited  for  the  growth  of  corn  than  the  latter  part.  At 
any  rate,  there  was  more  corn  in  proportion  to  cob  in  1888  than  in  1887. 
In  1887  there  was  82  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  with  33  per  cent,  or 
one-third  of  the  stalks  barren;  in  1888  there  was  88  per  cent,  of  a  full 
stand,  with  10  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  barren.  Tbe  largest  per  cent,  of 
barren  stalks  in  1887  was  63  and  the  smallest  22;  in  1888  the  largest  per- 
centage of  barren  stalks  of  the  eighteen  varieties  was  22,  and  the  small- 
est 3.  The  percentage  of  barren  stalks  was  determined  in  seven  varieties 
in  1886.  The  average  was  14  per  cent  ;  the  greatest,  25;  the  least  6.  [See 
Thirteenth  Report,  University  of  III.,  p.  /po.] 

THE  SKASONS  COMPARED. 

It  will  probably  be  many  years  before  two  seasons  of  such  marked 
extremes  in  the  development  of  Indian  corn  as  those  of  1887  and  1888- 
occur  again  successively  in  this  state.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  differ- 
ences in  meteorological  conditions  which  brought  about  these  results. 
Agriculturally  considered,  the  two  principal  meteorological  conditions  are 
temperature  and  rainfall,  although  they  are  not  the  only  ones.  The  fol- 
lowing table  gives  facts  reported  by  the  Illinois  Weather  Service: 

TABLE  SHOWING  TEMPERATURE  AND  RAINFALL  MAY  i  TO  SEPT.  30,  1887  AND  1888. 


Month. 

Mean  temperature,  F. 

Rainfall,  inches. 

1887. 

1888. 

Average 
for   10 
years. 

1887. 

1888. 

Average 
for  10 

years. 

May     

67.9 
73-6 
80.4 
75-2 
664 

59-2 
73-' 
77.0 
72.1 
62  o 

63.0 
71.2 
76.7 
740 
660 

384 
1.62 
liftj 

2.l?6 

3-23 

6.84 

5-75 
5-34 
3-  '4 
1.46 

4.66 
5.10 
2  99 

3-43 
3.12 

June  

July  .. 

August  

September  

Average  and  total    .  . 

72.7 

68.7 

70.2 

12  90 

22-53 

19  10 

The  average  daily  temperature  was  four  degrees  lower  in  i88& 
than  in  1887.  During  a  period  of  five  months  this  amounts  to  a  differ- 
ence of  six  hundred  degrees  of  temperature.  In  1887  the  mean  daily 
temperature  was  2.5  degrees  above  the  normal  for  ten  years,  and  in  1888 
it  was  1.5  degrees  below  the  normal.  This,  in  the  latter,  amounted  to  225 
degrees  during  the  growing  season,  and  it  may  reasonably  be  concluded 
that  the  term  of  growth  was  thereby  somewhat  prolonged. 

The  rainfall  during  the  first  four  months  of  the  corn-growing  season 
probably  had  the  greatest  influence  on  the  growth  of  the  corn  crop.  The 
rainfall  during  September  may  have  small  effect  upon  the  later  maturing 
varieties;  but  the  early  maturing  varieties  are  practically  ripe  on  or  soon 


1889.]  IIKI.D    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  47 

after  the  first  of  September.  The  rainfall  for  May,  June,  July,  and  August, 
in  1887,  was  9.67  inches,  and  in  1888  it  was  21.07  inches;  the  normal  for 
the  past  ten  years  was  16.18  inches.  The  rainfall  for  these  four  months 
in  1887  was  considerably  less  than  one-half  what  it  was  in  1888.  During 
June  and  July  the  rainfall  in  1887  was  3.27  inches,  and  in  1888  it  was  1 1 .09 
inches,  while  the  normal  for  ten  years  for  these  months  was  8  09  inches. 

CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  VARIETIES  OF  DENT  CORN 

TESTED. 

The  classification  here  attempted  is  an  arbitrary  one,  based  upon 
three  simple  and  obvious  characteristics,  the  date  of  maturity,  the  color 
of  the  kernels,  and  the  relative  roughness  of  the  ears.  It  is  adopted  that 
the  corn  raiser  may  find  all  those  varieties  possessing  any  particular  com- 
bination of  these  characters  grouped  together.  If  a  medium  maturing, 
yellow,  rough  variety,  or  an  early  maturing,  white,  smooth  variety  is 
desired,  the  varieties  tested  possessing  these  characteristics  will  be  found 
grouped,  and  where  the  searcher  may  easily  determine  which  one  of 
those  described  most  nearly  meets  his  wishes. 

The  classification  into  early,  medium,  late,  and  non-maturing  vari- 
eties, is,  of  course,  for  this  latitude.  It  has  been  found  in  practice  that 
what  is  an  early  maturing  variety  here  becomes,  when  planted  in  the 
extreme  northern  portion  of  the  state,  a  late  maturing  variety;  and  that 
varieties  which  mature  readily  in  southern  Illinois  often  will  not  mature 
here.  Those  varieties  maturing  this  season  in  125  or  less  days  from  date 
of  planting  are  considered  early;  those  maturing  in  from  125  to  135  days,, 
medium;  those  maturing  from  135  to  145  days,  late.  When  corn  became 
sufficiently  hard  not  to  be  sensibly  injured  by  frost  it  was  considered 
mature. 

In  the  description  and  measurements,  three  specimen  ears  were  used. 
The  best  of  the  type  were  always  sought.  If  large  ears  were  the  special 
characteristic  of  a  variety,  large  ears  were  sought.  If  a  compact, 
medium-sized  ear,  evenly  rounded  at  butt  and,  tip,  was  the  type,  ears  pos- 
sessing these  characteristics  were  sought.  The  descriptions'were  made 
with  a  view  to  their  usefulness  to  those  wishing  to  determine  the  rela- 
tive merits  of  the  different  varieties.  The  purity,  as  indicated  by  con- 
formity to  a  given  type;  the  length  and  diameter  of  ear;  the  size  and 
color  of  cob;  the  relative  roughness  of  ear;  its  shape,  cylindrical,  or 
more  or  less  tapering;  whether  butt  is  evenly  rounded,  or  compressed 
rounded,  that  is,  becoming  distinctly  smaller  as  it  rounds  over,  or  not 
rounded;  shape  of  tip,  whether  filled  or  not'  filled;  the  difficulty  of  break- 
ing the  ear  from  the  ear  stalk,  as  indicated  by  the  size  of  the  ear  stalk; 
the  firmness  of  the  kernel  on  the  ear;  the  shape  of  the  kernel,  whether 
wedge-shaped,  rectangular,  or  polygonal  (five  or  more  sides  in  outline); 
size  (it  may  help  the  reader  to  know  that  an  average-sized  dent  kernel  is 
y%  inch  long  and  3/£  inch  wide);  color;  manner  of  denting,  whether  dimple 
or  crease,  whether,  in  the  latter  case,  the  sides  of  the  crease  are  pinched 


48  r.ru.KTiN    NO.   4.  [February, 

together,  or  whether  there  is  more  or  less  of  a  ragged  projection  from  the 
chit  side;  the  usual  number  of  rows,  their  regularity,  and  the  quantity  of 
space  between  them,  are  all  of  importance  in  forming  a  judgment  of  a 
variety,  and  have  received  attention  in  the  description.  And  in  many 
cases  there  have  been  given,  in  addition,  the  field  results  in  condensed 
form  [see  tables,  pages  71  and  88],  including  height  of  stalk;  height  of 
butt  of  ear  from  ground;  percentage  of  barren  stalks;  season  of  growth 
(number  of  days  from  planting  to  maturity);  weight  of  one  hundred  good 
ears,  one  hundred  nubbins,  and  one  hundred  average  ears;  number  of  ears 
per  acre;  per  cent,  of  water  in  shelled  corn,  when  husked;  yield  per  acre 
of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  and  when  thoroughly  air-dry,  that  is,  contain- 
ing ii  per  cent,  of  water;  and  the  number  of  pounds  of  ear  corn,  when 
husked,  required  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn  at  that  time,  and  also 
the  number  of  pounds  of  ear  corn,  when  husked,  required  to  make  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn  when  thoroughly  air-dry.  The  endeavor  has  been 
to  bring  together  the  results  of  the  season's  work  in  such  a  manner  that 
each  reader  may  form  his  own  opinion  of  the  value  of  the  different  varie- 
ties as  indicated  by  this  season's  test.  Suggestions  as  to  the  relative 
merits  have,  however,  sometimes  been  made  to  aid  the  reader;  but  they 
are  merely  the  impressions  formed  from  one  season's  test. 

Specimens  having  like  characteristics,  although  bearing  dissimilar 
names,  have  been  grouped  together.  This  has  been  done  with  the  reser- 
vation that  specimens  classed  together  this  year,  may  be  found  in  succeed- 
ing tests  to  have  dissimilar  characteristics  not  noted  this  season,  and  that 
those  seeming  slightly  dissimilar  this  season  may  in  succeeding  tests  be 
found  so  similar  as  to  be  classed  together. 

No  description  is  given  of  the  flint  varieties  tested,  which  are  only 
grown  in  this  state  as  a  novelty;  nor  of  a  considerable  number  of  dent 
varieties,  some  of  which  are  mere  novelties,  while  others  lack  sufficient 
uniformity  of  type  or  merit  to  make  them  worthy  of  attention. 

Early  Mattiring  Varieties  are  described  on  pages  48-53. 

Meaium  Maturing  Varieties,  on  pages  53-60. 

Late  Maturing  Varieties,  on  pages  60-65. 

Non~Naturing  Varieties,  on  pages  65-67. 

The  field  results  for  each  variety  tested,  so  far  as  obtained,  will  be 
found  in  the  tables  following  the  descriptions.  When  they  are  not  given 
with  the  description,  see  tables. 

EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  ye/faiv—Ezrs,  smooth. 

No.  fj,*  Murdoch;  seed  grown  on  University  farm.  No.  14,  Murdoch;  seed  grown 
by  Wm.  T.  Lamb,  Ridott,  Stephenson  Co.,  111.  Synonyms — No.  12,  Prairie  Queen; 
seed  grown  by  Nathaniel  Pease,  Ouincy,  111.  No.  27,  IVilTs  go  day;  seed  from  Farm, 
Field  and  Stockman.  No.  jo,  GoddariC  s  favorite;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stock- 
man. No.  ,->/,  Dammeirs;  seed  from  T.  Chester,  Champaign,  111.  No.  34,  Bonus 
Prairie;  seed  grown  by  Allen  E.  Smith,  Marengo,  McIIenry  Co.,  111.  No.  54,  Queen  of 


*The  numbers  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  plats  on  which  the  corn  was  planted. 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  49 

the  prairie;  seed  from  T.  Chester,  Champaign,  111.  No,  105,  Yellow  Clauge;  No.  log, 
Farmer'1  s  favorite;  No.  no,  Queen  of  the  prairie;  seed  from  Farm,  hield  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  8*4  inches  long,  1.75  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  small,  i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt  and  tip 
evenly  rounded,  the  latter  particularly  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  y2  to  %  inch  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  thick,  perfectly  wedge-shaped;  7-16  to  ^  inch  long, 
j^  to  5-16  inch  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  long  dimple-dented;  tip  kernels,  not 
dented.  Rows,  usually  18  to  20,  regular,  no  space  between,  often  compacted  like  the 
cells  of  honeycomb. 

An  average  of  the  eleven  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  10^  feet;  of  ear,  4^  feet. 
Six  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  about  125  days.  One  hundred 
good  ears  weighed  62  pounds;  nubbins,  39;  and  average  ears,  55.  The  number  of  good 
ears  per  acre  was  7,420;  of  nubbins,  2,927;  total,  10,347.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled 
corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  68;  nubbins,  17)  85  bushels,  with  85  per  cent,  of  a  full 
stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  75.7  bushels.  There  was  20.05  Per  cent,  of  water 
in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  68  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  75  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

An  excellent  early  variety  for  central  Illinois,  and  for  general  culture  in  the  more 
northern  portion  of  the  state.  Farmer's  favorite,  as  applied  to  No.  109,  is  wrong. 

No.  35,  Sibley's  pride  of  the  north;  No.  36,  North  star;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  7^  inches  long;  1.5  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter.  Cob, 
red,  medium  sized,  I  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  slightly  tapering,  butt 
and  tip  evenly  rounded,  well  filled;  juncture,  rather  small,  y2  to  ^  inch  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  nearly  rectangular;  corners  rounding,  making  openness  between 
rows;  7-16  to  ^  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  long,  dimple- 
dented.  Rows,  12  to  16,  regular;  space  between,  sometimes  distinct,  in  best  specimens, 
slight. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  8^  feet;  of  ear,  4^ 
feet.  Seven  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to 
September  ioih,  or  about  120  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  48  pounds;  nub- 
bins, 22;  average  ears,  42.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  9,630;  of  nubbins, 
2,430;  total,  12,060.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  69; 
nubbins,  8.2)  77.2  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  72.6  bushels,  with  95  per 
cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  16.26  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  shelled.  At  that 
time  it  required  66  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  produce  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn;  70  pounds 
of  ear  corn  to  produce  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

Similar  to  No.  13,  except  smaller  and  earlier. 

No.  9,  Golden  rod;  seed  grown  by  E.  Morris,  Decatur,  Van  Buren  Co.,  Mich. 

Type,  moderately  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  9^  inches  long,  2  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red,  medium  sized,  1.2  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering,  butt 
sometimes  swollen,  not  well  rounded,  tip  rather  rounding  and  well  filled".  Juncture, 
rather  large,  %  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  thick,  nearly  rectangular;  9-16 
to  $  inch  long,  5-16  to  ^  inch  wide,  long  to  round,  dimple-dented.  Rows,  14  to  18; 
sometimes  space  between,  rather  distinct. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10^  feet;  of  ear,  4^.  Four  per  cent,  of  the  stalks 
were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  September  loth,  or  about  125  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  66  pounds;  nubbins,  46;  average  ears,  59.  The  number 
of  good  ears  per  acre  was  6,912;  of  nubbins,  3,312;  total,  10,224.  The  yield  per  acre  of 
shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  72.3;  nubbins,  24.2)  96.7  bushels,  and  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn,  87.3  bushels,  with  88  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  19.54  per 
cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  65.5  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make 
a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  72.7  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  not  attractive  in  appearance,  but  it  is  large  for  its  season  of  growth, 
and  may,  therefore,  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  northern  Illinois. 


50  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

A'o.  jo,  Turkey ;  seed   from  T    Chester. 

Ears,  f>Yi  to  9  inches  long,  1.9  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white,  rather  small,  I.I  to 
1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  slightly  tapering  to  cylindrical,  butt  swollen  to 
compressed  rounded,  tip  pointed,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  rather  large,  ^  to  %  inch  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  very  broadly  wedge-shaped,  y2  to  9  16  inch  long  and 
wide;  yellow  to  white  above,  yellow  to  orange  below;  long,  shallow  crease  dented. 
Rows,  ten,  twisted;  space  between,  slight. 

The  season  was  from  May  14  to  September  loth,  or  about  I2O  days. 

1'robably  not  desirable  for  general  culture. 


EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  _j-<?//W;— Ears,  rough. 

A'o.  i,  Edmonds  corn," seed  grown  by  H.  P.  Edmonds,  Taylor,  Ogle  Co.,  111. 

Uniform  in  type.  Ears,  7^  to  8  inches  long,  2  inches  jn  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
small,  I  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  slightly  tapering,  almost  cylindrical, 
butt  and  tip  well  rounded,  latter  well  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  inch  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  firmly  fixed:  wedge  shaped,  ^  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide;  yellow  above,  orange 
below;  crease-dented,  ragged.  Rows,  16  to  18, -regular;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10%  feet;  of  ear,  4^  feet.  Seven  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  September  loth,  or  about  125 
days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  62  pounds;  nubbins,  39;  and  average  ears,  54. 
The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  7,488;  nubbins,  3,888;  total,  11,376.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  68.5;  nubbins,  22.7)  91.2  bushels, 
and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  83.7  bushels,  with  88  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There 
was  18.28  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  65.5  pounds  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  71.4  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  to  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  the  northern,  and  as  an 
early  variety  for  the  central,  portion  of  the  state. 

No.  32,  Kane  county  pride;  seed  from  R.  Shedden,  Pingree  Grove,  Kane  Co.,  111. 
Synonym — No.  29,  Zei^ler^s  go-day ;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  9  inches  long,  2  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium  sized,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  top  rather  pointed,  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  l/2  to  %  inch  long. 
Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  rather  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  ^  to  11-16  inch  long,  %  to  5-16 
wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease-dented,  pinched,  sometimes  ragged.  Rows, 
18  to  20;  at  butt,  irregular;  space  between,  slight. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  n  feet;  of  ear,  5^ 
feet.  Ten  per  cent.  »f  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  Sep- 
tember loth,  or  about  120  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  69  pounds;  nubbins, 
43;  average  ears,  62.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  6,480;  of  nubbins,  2,640; 
total,  9,120.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  68.1;  nub- 
bins, 17.5)  85.6  bushels,  with  87f  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  The  total  yield  per  acre 
of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  was  75.1  bushels.  There  was. 21.18  per  cent,  of  water  in 
corn  as  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  65.6  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of 
shelled  corn,  and  74.2  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

No.  29  is  a  little  the  larger,  and  a  little  deeper  grained.  An  excellent  early  variety, 
very  similar  to  No.  I. 

Afo.  J~.  King  of  I 'he  earliest;  seed  grown  by  A.  L.  Goddard,  Waucoma,  Fayette  Co., 
Iowa.  Synonym— No.  28,  Dakota  yo-day;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  1^4  inches  long,  1.9  to  2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  small,  I  to  I.I  inches  in  dianu-ler.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt,  well  rounded;  tip, 
rather  pointed,  not  always  well  filled.  Juncture,  small,  l/2  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels 


1889-]  FIELD    EXI'KRIMKN  I'S    WITH    CORN 1888.  51 

firmly  fixed;  wedge  shaped,  ^  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide;  crease-dented,  pinched, 
ragged;  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  14  to  16;  space  between,  slight. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  S)4  feet;  of  ear,  3^  feet.  Nine 
per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  Season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or 
about  120  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  45  pounds;  nubbins,  26;  average  ears, 
41.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  7.410;  of  nubbins,  2,640;  total,  10,050.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears.  52;  nubbins,  10.08)  62.8 
bushels,  with  86  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  The  total  yield  per  acre  of  thoroughly  air-dry 
corn  was  59.5  bushels.  There  was  15.59  Per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At 
that  time  it  took  64  4  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  70  pounds  to  make 
a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

To  be  recommended  as  an  early  variety  for  northern  Illinois. 

No.  38,  HHTs  impravtd  go-day f  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  8  inches  long,  1.9  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
I  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Otherwise  like  Nos.  37  and  28,  next  above. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9^  feet;  of  ear,  4^  feet.  Ten  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or  about  120 
days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  51  pounds;  nubbins,  34;  and  average  ears,  46. 
The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  8,820;  of  nubbins,  2,820;  total,  11,640.  The 
yield  of  shelled  corn  per  acre,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  69.1;  nubbins,  13.7)  82.8 
bushels,  with  102  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  The  total  yield  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn 
was  77.2  bushels.  There  was  17.02  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  corn  when  husked.  At 
that  time  it  took  65.4  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  70.4  to 
make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  worthy  of  general  culture  in  northern  Illinois. 


EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  white— Ears,  smooth. 

No.  23,  Champion  of  the  north;  seed  grown  by  A.  L.  Goddard,  Wacouma,  Fayette 
Co.,  Iowa.  Synonym--  A'o.  ibi,go  day  white;  seed  from  Farm,  Held  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7  to  -8*4  inches  long,  1.9  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
white,  medium  sized,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  tapering, 
evenly  rounded  at  butt  and  tip.  Juncture,  small,  %  to  %  inches  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
wedge-shaped,  corners  slightly  rounding;  9-16  inch  long,  ys  inch  wide;  white  above, 
horn-white  below;  crease  dented.  Rows,  1410  16;  a  little  space  between,  near  surface. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk  gj^  feet;  of  ear,  4^  feet.  Five 
per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  less  than  125  days.  One  hundred 
good  ears  weighed  60  pounds;  nubbins,  38;  average  ears,  51  The  number  of  good  ears 
per  acre  was  6,210;  of  nubbins,  4,368;  total,  10,578.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn, 
as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  54.8;  nubbins,  23.7)  78.5  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry 
corn  was  72  bushels,  with  80  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  18. 12  per  cent,  of 
water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  66.7  pounds  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  72.7  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry 
corn. 

A  good  early  variety  for  the  extreme  northern  portion  of  the  state. 

No.  6j,  Iowa  king;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Ears,  10  to  n  inches  long;  2.1  to  2.25  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white,  large,  1.4 
to  1.6  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  not  rounded;  tip,  blunt. 
Juncture,  large,  %  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  wedge-shaped,  corners 
rounded;  ^  to  ^  inch  long,  ^  inch  wide;  white;  long,  dimple-dented.  Rows,  12  to  16, 
some  space  between. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or  about  120  days.  Very  large 
for  an  early  variety. 


52  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  \_Fcbtuary, 

No.  20,  Princeton;  seed  grown  by  Wm.  T.  Lamb,  Ridott.  Stephenson  Co.,  111. 
Synonyms — No.  61,  Early  Wisconsin  white  cap;  No.  159,  White  Wabash;  seed  from 
Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  7^  to  8%  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red 
or  white,  rather  large,  1.3  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  well 
rounded;  tip,  bluntly  rounded,  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  very  firmly  fixed;  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular,  )4  to  9-16  inch  long,  5-16  inch 
wide;  white  above,  white  to  orange  below;  round  to  long,  dimple-dented.  Rows,  18  to 
20,  no  space  between. 

An  average  of  the  three  plats  gave  height  of  stalk  9^  feet;  of  ear,  4J/£.  Five  per 
cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  less  than  125  days.  One  hundred  good 
ears  weighed  60  pounds;  nubbins,  38;  average  ears,  53.  The  number  of  good  ears  per 
acre  was  7,760;  of  nubbins,  3,052;  total,  10,812.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as 
husked,  was  (good  ears,  69;  nubbins,  16.7)  85.7  bushels,  with  87  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand. 
The  total  yield  per  acre  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  was  79.2  bushels.  There  was  17.09 
per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time,  it  took  67.8  pounds  of 
ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn  and  73.4  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air  dry  corn. 

No.  36,  White  cap;  seed  grown  by  C.  Leete  &  Son,  Mooreheadville,  Pa. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  9^  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.25  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red  or  white,  rather  large,  1.2  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering,  butt 
slightly  rounded,  tip  rather  pointed.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  \y%  inches  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  wedge-shaped,  ^  to  9-16  inch  long,  5-16  to  ^  inch  wide;  white 
above,  white  to  orange  below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  14  to  20,  no  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  9  feet;  of  ear,  3^  feet.  Nine  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or  about  120 
days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  64  pounds;  nubbins,  36;  average  ears,  56.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  60;  nubbins,  13.1)  73.1  bushels, 
and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  64.9  bushels,  with  96  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was 
20.99  Per  cen*-  °f  moisture  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  67.3  pounds 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  75-8  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn. 

No.  57,  Ohio  -white  cap;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type  uniform.  Ears,  10  to  10^  inches  long,  1.9  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
white,  medium  sized,  i.i  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  cylindrical;  butt, 
slightly  swollen,  not  rounded;  tip,  bluntly  rounded.  Kernels,  thick;  wedge-shaped  to 
rectangular,  7-16  to  y2  inch  long,  ^  to  7-16  inch  wide;  white  above,  white  to  orange 
below;  rounded  to  long  dimple  dented.  Rows,  14  to  16;  space  between,  slight. 

Tne  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or  about  120  days. 

EARLY  MATURING  VARIETIES  —Kernels,  white — Ears,  rough. 

No.  3$,  Wood-worth  80  day;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Ears,  8j/2  to  9  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white,  rather  large, 
1.3  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt,  well  rounded;  tip,  bluntly 
rounded,  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  y2  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick; 
broadly  wedge-shaped;  corners,  slightly  rounded;  ^  inch  long,  7-16  inch  wide;  white; 
crease-dented,  ragged.  Rows,  12  to  14,  some  space  between. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or  about  120  days. 

EARLY^MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  rough. 

No.  /<?,  Smith's  mixed  dent;  seed  grown  on  University  farm.  No.  63,  Smith's 
improved  white;  No.  82,  Smith's  improved  striped;,  seed  grown  by  Allen  E.  Smith, 
Marengo,  McHenry  Co.,  111. 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  53 

Type,  uniform,  except  in  color.  Ears  usually  7^  to  8^  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches 
in  diameter.  Cobs,  red  or  white,  medium  sized,  1.2  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears, 
roughish,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  evenly  rountled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  ^ 
inch  in  diameter.  Kernels  firmly  fixed;  wedge-shaped,  ^  inch  long,  ^  inch  wide; 
crease-dented,  pinched,  sometimes  ragged;  variable  in  color — in  some  ears,  white  above, 
honey-white  to  yellow  below;  in  other  ears,  striped,  red  and  white  above,  and  red, 
white,  and  yellow  below.  Rows,  14  to  20,  no  space  between  in  best  specimens. 

An  average  of  the  three  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  9^  feet  high;  of  ear,  4^  feet. 
Five  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  ioth-i4th  to  September 
2ist,  or  about  120  to  125  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  59  pounds;  nubbins,  31; 
average  ears,  49.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  7,225;  nubbins,  3,885;  total, 
II, no.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  65.3;  nubbins, 
17.5)  82.8  bushels,  with  88  per  cent  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  77.6 
bushels.  There  was  16.59  Per  cent-  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it 
took  67  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  71.8  pounds  to  make 
a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

In  No.  63,  Mr.  Smith  has  evidently  attempted  to  form  a  white  variety  by  selecting 
white  ears  from  No.  82.  It  continues  to  revert  to  the  colored  ears,  however.  A  most 
excellent  early  variety  for  central  Illinois,  and  for  general  culture  in  the  northern  portion 
of  the  state. 

No,  ij8,  Dakota  red;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  6  to  6%  inches  long,  1.75  to  1.85  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  medium,  i  inch  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  distinctly  tapering;  butt,  well  rounded; 
tip,  pointed.  Juncture,  ^  to  ^  inch  long.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped,  corners  rounding, 
YZ  inch  long,  and  5-16  to  ^  inch  wide;  orange  red  to  dark  red;  crease-dented,  sometimes 
pinched.  Rows,  12  to  14;  some  space  between,  near  surface. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  7^  feet;  of  ear,  2^  feet.  The  season  was  from 
May  22d  to  September  I4th,  or  about  115  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  35 
pounds;  nubbins,  20;  average  ears,  28.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked, 
was  (good  ears,- 31. 2;  nubbins,  16.3)47  5  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  43.7 
bushels,  with  83  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  18.20  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn 
when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  64.9  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled 
corn,  and  70.5  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  not  desirable  anywhere  in  this  state. 


MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  yellow — Ears,  smooth. 

No,  z,  Legal  tender;  seed  grown  by  Nims  Bros.,  Emerson,  Mills  Co.,  la.  No.  93, 
Legal  tender;  seed  from  farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8|£  to  10^  inches  long,  2.25  inches  in  diameter. 
Cob,  red,  medium  sized,  1.2  to  1.3"  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  slightly  tapering, 
butt,  compressed — that  is,  less  in  diameter  than  the  body  of  the  ear;  tip,  blunt  and  not 
well  tilled.  Juncture,  with  ear  stock,  rather  small,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
firmly  fixed;  variable,  broadly  wedge-shaped  to  narrowly  rectangular;  l/^  to  $  inch 
long,  %  to  y%  inch  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  deeply  crease-dented.  Rows, 
16  to  20,  regular,  space  between,  slight. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  of  which  the  first  was  the  better,  on  account  of 
location  (see  table,  page  80),  the  height  of  stalk  was  10^  feet;  and  of  ear,  5  feet. 
Twelve  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  Septem- 
ber 2ist,  and  May  22d  to  October  2,  or  about  135  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed 
77  pounds;  nubbins,  42;  and  average  ears,  67.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was 
6,882;  nubbins,  2,598;  total,  9,480.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was 
(good  ears,  8l.i;  nubbins,  16)  97.1  bushels,  with  87  per  cent,  of  full  stand,  and  of  thor- 
oughly air- dry  corn,  84.2  bushels.  There  was  22.85  Per  cen^  of  water  in  shelled  corn 


54  BULLETIN  NO.   4.  [February, 

when  husked.     At  that  time  it  took  69.2  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled 
corn,  and  80  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  to  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois. 

Nos.  4,  10,  16,  26,  48,  98,  Learning;  seed  grown  on  University  farm.  No.  ^7, 
Learning;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111.  No.  113,  Learning;  seed  from 
Farm,  Field  and  Stockman.  Synonym —No.  £/,  Iowa  king;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and 
Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  10  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red,  rather  large,  1.2  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering  rapidly 
in  tip  fourth;  cross  section,  sometimes  oval;  butt,  sometimes  swollen,  usually  well  rounded, 
tip,  pointed  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  %  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
firmly  fixed;  slightly  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular,  corners  often  rounded,  sometimes 
nearly  as  thick  as  wide,  }/,  to  ^  long,  ^  to  5-16  wide;  long  to  round  dimple-dented, 
towards  tip,  usually  not  dented;  yellow  to  orange  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  20, 
usually  with  less  number  on  tip  fourth  and  irregularly  placed,  a  tendency  to  some  open- 
ness between,  especially  towards  tip  end. 

An  average  of  the  nine  plats  gave  height  of  stalk  n^(  feet;  of  ears,  5^  feet.  Eight 
per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  about  135  days.  One  hundred 
good  ears  weighed  75  pounds;  nubbins,  46;  average  ears,  65.  The  number  of  good  ears 
per  acre  was,  6,940;  nubbins,  3,071;  total,  10,011.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn 
was  (good  ears,  74 .7;  nubbins,  21.3)  96  bushels,  with  83  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of 
thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  85.6  bushels.  There  was  21.21  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled 
corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  69.3  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of 
shelled  corn,  and  78  4  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

A  well  known  and  deservedly  popular  variety. 

.No.  5,  Clark" s  too  day;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8j^  to  10  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter. 
'Cobs,  red,  medium-sized,  1.2  to  I  3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  tapering; 
butt,  well  rounded;  tip,  variable,  but  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  fy  to  %  inches  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  narrowly  to  broadly  wedge-shaped;  9-16  to  fy  inch 
long,  ^  to  5  16  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  to  reddish  below;  crease-dented,  sometimes 
pinched.  Rows,  18  to  20;  regular,  except  near  tip;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12^  feet;  of  ears,  5^  feet.  Eight  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  May  loth  to  September  2ist,  or  about  135  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  76  pounds;  nubbins,  40;  average  ears,  68.  The  number 
of  good  ears  per  acre  was  7,344;  of  nubbins,  2,016;  total,  9,360.  The  yield  per  acre  of 
shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  80;  nubbins,  11.7)  91-7  bushels,  with  73  per 
cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry,  81.9  bushels.  There  was  20.55  Per  cent, 
of  water  in  the  shelled  corn,  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  67.4  pounds  of  ear  corn 
to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  75.5  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- 
dry  corn. 

This  variety  resembles  Learning  in  many  respects.  In  general,  the  ear  is  less  taper- 
ing towards  tip,  and  has  a  broader  and  more  perfectly  wedge-shaped  kernel.  It  is 
variable,  however,  many  ears  resembling  Learning  closely. 

No.  42,   yellow  Blanchard;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  10  inches  long,  2.3  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  1.3  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  « 

Very  much  like  large  specimens  of  Learning,  except  ears  do  not  taper  so  abruptly 
near  the  tip. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  I2j4  feet;  of  ear,  6  feet.  Twenty  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22d,  or  about  130 
days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  89  pounds;  nubbins,  68;  average  ears,  83.  The 
yield  of  shelled  corn  per  acre,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  69.4;  nubbins,  20.9)  90.3 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN  — 1888.  55 

bushels,  and  of  air-dry  corn,  74.4  bushels.  There  was  26.65  Per  cent,  of  water  in  corn 
when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  69.1  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled 
corn,  and  83.9  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

No.  II,  Kiley'1  s  favorite;  seed  grown  by  J.  Riley,  Thorntown,  Boone  Co.,  Ind. 
No.  122,  A't/ey's  favorite;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  9  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  medium  sized,  i.i  to  1.3  in  diameter.  Ears,  usually  smooth,  slightly  tapering;  butt 
well  rounded;  tip,  rounded,  not  always  well  filled  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  T/%  inches 
in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  wedge-shaped;  ^  inch  long,  5-16  to  ^  wide;  light 
yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched.  Rows,  16  to  18,  very 
regular;  space  between,  slight. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  of  which  the  first  was  considerably  better,  on 
account  of  location  [see  table,  page  80],  the  height  of  stalk  was  10^  feet;  of  ear,  5^ 
feet.  Four  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  of  growth  was  from  May 
loth  to  September  2ist,  and  May  22d  to  October  22d,  or  about  135  days.  One  hundred 
good  ears  weighed  64  pounds;  nubbins,  41;  average  ears,  58.  The  number  of  good  ears 
per  acre  was  7,044;  nubbins,  3,450;  total,  10,494.  >The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn, 
as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  69.5;  nubbins,  21.6)  91.1  bushels,  with  84  per  cent,  of  a  full 
stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  81  bushels.  There  was  20.9  per  cent,  of  water 
in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  66.9  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of 
shelled  corn,  and  75.3  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  to  be  warmly  recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois. 

No.  41,  Seeknofurther;  seed  grown  by  G.  W.  Hartsock,  Gifford,  Champaign 
Co.,  111. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8^  to  9^  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  large;  i.i  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  slightly  tapering;  butt, 
fairly  rounded;  tip,  blunt,  not  always  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium;  y%  to  %  inch  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  quite  thick;  rather  rectangular;  y,  to  fy  inch  long,  ^ 
inch  wide;  yellow  above,  deep  orange  to  reddish  below;  long  to  round  dimple-dented. 
Rows,  16,  usually,  regular;  space  between,  apparent. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  n  feet;  of  ear,  5}^  feet.  There  were  no  barren 
stalks.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22d,  or  about  130  days.  One 
hundred  good  ears  weighed  79  pounds;  nubbins,  41;  average  ears,  70.  The  yield  per 
acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  85.2;  nubbins,  12.8)  98  bushels,  and  of 
thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  87.4  bushels,  with  82  per  cent,  of  a  stand.  There  was  20.63 
per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  69.6  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  78  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air-dry  corn. 

In  many  respects  like  Learning. 

Nos.  4gandg~i,  Fisk;  seed  grown  by  Eli  Fisk,  Havana,  Mason  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ear,  8  to  9^  inches  long,  2  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium  sized,  1.2  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt  and  tip,  evenly 
rounded,  latter  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  %  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
firmly  fixed;  rather  thick,  wedge  shaped,  ^  to  ^  inch  long,  5-16  to  7-16  wide;  yellow 
above,  orange  below;  long,  dimple  dented.  Rows,  14  to  16,  space  between,  very  slight. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gave  height  of  stalk  iij^  feet;  of  ear,  5^  feet.  The 
season  was  about  135  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  73  pounds;  nubbins,  37; 
average  ears,  63.  The  number  of  good. ears  per  acre  was  7,020;  of  nubbins,  2,790; 
total,  9,810.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  77.4;  nub- 
bins, 14.2)  91  6  bushels,  with  89  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn, 
76.6  bushels.  There  was  25.56  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  corn  as  husked.  At  that  time 
it  took  71.0  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  85  pounds  to  make 
a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 


56  BULLETIN    NO.    4. 

No.  j/,  Kirby;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8%  to  8)£  inches  long,  2.4  to  2.5  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  large,  1.3  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering,  butt  and  tip  nicely 
rounded,  latter  well  tilled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  fa  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
firmly  fixed;  narrowly  to  broadly  wedge-shaped;  ^  inch  long,  5  16  to  7-16  inch  wide; 
yellow,  often  white  above,  yellow  to  orange  below;  round  to  long,  dimple  dented,  kernel 
towards  tip,  not  dented.  Rows,  16  to  22,  space  between,  slight. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22d,  or  about  130  days. 

No.  53,  Golden  beauty;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  9^  to  10^  inches  long;  otherwise,  appearance  much  like 
No.  55.  It  also  differs  from  No.  55  in  maturing  in  about  130  days,  from  May  I4th  to 
September  22d. 

The  average  height  of  stalk,  n  feet;  of  ears,  6  feet.  Fourteen  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  89  pounds;  nubbins,  27;  average 
ears,  80.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre,  8,775;  °f  nubbins,  1,620;  total,  10,395. 
The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  110.9;  nubbins,  78)  118.7 
bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  c%rn  98.7  bushels,  with  83  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand. 
There  was  26  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  this  time  it  took  70.5  pounds 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  84.8  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air- dry  corn. 

No.  104,  Prairie  queen;  Synonyms — No.  loj,  Smith's  surprise;  No.  118,  Carle' ' s 
prolific;  seed  from  farm,  Field  and  Stockman 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  10%  inches  long,  1.75  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red,  rather  large,  i  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed rounded;  tip,  pointed,  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  */>.  to  ^  inch  in  diame- 
ter. Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  wedge-shaped  to  nearly  rectangular,  rather  thick,  9-16  to  fa 
inch  long,  ^  to  7.16  wide;  yellow  to  orange  above,  orange  below;  long  to  round  dimple- 
dented;  kernels  near  tip,  not  dented.  Rows,  usually  12  to  14;  space  between,  rather 
distinct. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  three  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  10  feet;  of  ear,  5  feet. 
The  season  was  from  May  22d  to  October  2d,  or  about  135  days.  One  hundred  good  ears 
wejghed  65  pounds;  nubbins,  38;  average  ears,  60.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn, 
as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  79;  nubbins,  13.3)  92.3  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry 
corn,  77.9  bushels,  with  86  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  24.61  per  cent,  of  water 
in  the  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  69  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel 
of  shelled  corn,  and  81.8  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Apparently  not  desirable. 

No.  107,  Southern  queen;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Ears,  7^  to  9  inches  long;  diameter,  2.1  to  2.3  inches.  Cobs,  red,  large,  I.  3  to  1.5 
inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  slightly  tapering;  butt,  compressed  rounded;  tip, 
blunt,  not  well  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  loose; 
wedge  shaped,  y2  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide;  round  to  long  dimple-dented;  yellow  above, 
yellow  to  orange  below.  Rows,  10  to  20;  no  space  between. 

The  season  was 'from  May  22d  to  October  2d,  or  about  135  days. 

No.  iff,  go- day  yellow;  No.  115,  North  star;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8  to  9  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  large,  I.I  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  only 
fairly  rounded;  tip,  blunt,  not  well  filed.  Juncture,  medium,  ]/2  to  ^  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Kernels,  loose;  rather  narrowly  wedge-shaped;  9  16  to  ^  inch  long,  ^  t°  S"1^ 
inch  wide;  crease-dented;  yellow  above,  light  orange  below.  Rows,  18  to  20;  space 
between,  sometimes  rather  distinct. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  10  feet;  ot  ear,  4^  feet. 
The  season  was  from  May  22d  to  October  2d,  or  about  135  days.  One  hundred  good 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  57 

ears  weighed  74  pounds;  nubbins,  31;  average  ears,  59.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled 
corn,  as  hr.sked,  was  (good  ears,  77.1;  nubbins,  17.5)  94.6  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly 
air  dry  corn  81.3  bushels,  with  86  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  23.42  per  cent, 
of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  69.2  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of 
shelled  corn,  and  80.5  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 
The  name  North  star  is  undoubtedly  wrong  for  No.  115. 

No.  J2j,  Clark's  Onarga;  .\To.  124,  Clark's  Iroquois ;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and 
Stockman. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  7  to  9  inches  long,  2  to  2.25  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  1.2  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  distinctly  tapering;  butt, 
rounded;  tip,  pointed  and  well  rilled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  j^  to  ^4  inch  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  wedge-shaped,  corners  rounding;  y%  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide;  usually  yellow 
above,  sometimes  white,  orange  to  reddish  below;  long  to  round  dimple-dented.  Rows, 
18  to  20;  space  between,  rather  distinct  near  surface. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  9^  feet;  of  ear,  4^ 
feet.  The  season  was  from  May  24th  to  October  2d,  or  about  130  days.  One  hundred 
good  ears  weighed  66  pounds;  nubbins,  39;  average  ears,  58.  The  yield  per  acre  of 
shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  64.7;  nubbins,  18),  82.7  bushels,  and  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn,  69.6  bushels.  There  was  25  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when 
husked.  At  that  time  it  took  70  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn, 
and  83  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  yellow — Ears,  rough. 

No.  6,  Hogut* t yellow,  dent;  seed  grown  by  R.  Hogue,  Crete,  Saline  Co.,  Neb. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  S)4  to  10  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red,  rather  large,  1.2  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed rounded,  sometimes  swollen;  tip,  pointed  and  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  large,  %  to 
i  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  somewhat  loose,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  9-16  to  $  inch 
long,  5.16  to  y%  inch  wide;  crease  dented,  somewhat  pinched  and  ragged.  Rows,  16  to 
22,  less  towards  tip;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalks  was  n  feet;  of  ears,  5  feet.  Thirteen  percent,  of  stalks 
were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  10  to  September  2ist,  or  about  135  days.  One 
hundred  good  ears  weighed  83  pounds;  nubbins,  41;  average  ears,  71.  The  number  of 
good  ears  per  acre  was  7,200;  of  nubbins,  2, 880;  total,  10,080.  The  yield  per  acre  of 
shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  78.1;  nubbins,  15.3)  93.4  bushels,  with  86  per 
cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  81  bushels.  There  was  22  83  per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  69  5  pounds  of  ear  corn  to 
make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  80.  i  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry 
corn. 

No.  75,  Ckamf>aign;  seed  grown  on  University  farm. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8  to  8^  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  medium  sized,  I.I  to  13  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  cylindrical  to  slightly 
tapering;  butt  and  tip,  evenly  rounded;  latter,  usually  well  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small, 
Y-I  to  3^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  loose;  broadly  wedge-shaped,  ft  inch  long,  ^  inch 
wide;  light  yellow  above,  yellow  to  orange  below;  crease-dented,  pinched,  sometimes 
ragged.  Rows,  14  to  16,  sometimes  spiral;  space  between,  very  slight. 
•  The  average  height  of  stalks  was  11^4  feet;  of  ears,  5  feet.  Nine  percent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  May  141)1  to  September  2ist,  or  about  135  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  69  pounds;  nubbins,  46;  average  ears,  62.  The  num- 
ber oftgood  ears  per  acre  was  6,624;  of  nubbins,  3,096;  total,  9,720.  The  yield  per  acre 
of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  71.3;  nubbins,  22.1)93  4  bushels,  with  87  per 
cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  82  t  bushels.  There  was  21.75  Per 
cent,  of  water  in  the  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  67.8  pounds  of  ear  corn  to 


58  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  77.1  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry 
corn. 

A  valuable  variety  for  central  Illinois. 

ATo.  j>9,  Log  cabin;  seed  grown  by  C.  N.  Butts,  Knoxville,  Knox  Co.,  111. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  9  to  10  inches  long,  2. 1  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  1.4  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  tapering;  butt,  slightly  rounded; 
tip,  rather  pointed,  not  filled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
rather  loose,  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  ^  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide,  yellow  to  reddish 
above,  orange  to  reddish  below;  round  dimple-  to  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched; 
tip  kernels,  not  dented.  Rows,  20,  usually;  space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalks  was  II  feet;  of  ears,  $}4  feet.  Fourteen  percent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22d,  or  about  130  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  88  pounds;  nubbins,  45;  average  ears,  74.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  78.2;  nubbins,  20.6)  98.8  bushels, 
and  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn  86.1  bushels,  with  96  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was 
22.41  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  70.7  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  81.1  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air- dry  corn. 

Apparently  a  desirable  variety  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois. 

No.  44,  Riplev  I2o-day;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Ears,  8  to  9^  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  medium  sized, 
1.2  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  rounded,  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels 
loose,  wedge-shaped,  thinnish,  often  thinner  at  top  than  bottom,  ^  inch  long,  fy  wide; 
yellow  above,  ornnge  to  reddish  below;  crease-dented,  often  pinched.  Rows,  16  to  18; 
space  between,  slight. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4lh  to  September  22d,  or  about  130  days. 

JVj.  I2r,  Northern  queen;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Fairly  uniform  in  type.  Ears,  8  to  9  inches  long,  diameter  2.1  to  2.2  inches.  Cobs, 
red,  medium  sized,  I.I  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt  and  tip, 
moderately  rounded.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  }£  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels  loose, 
imperfectly  wedge  shaped,  corners  rounded,  ^  inch  long,  }/$  inch  wide,  yellow  above, 
orange  below;  crease-dented,  ragged,  pinched.  Rows,  16  to  18,  space  between,  apparent. 

The  season  was  from  May  22d  to  October  2d,  or  about  135  days. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  white— Ears,  smooth. 

Nos.  19,  25,  64,  143,  162,  Burr's  white;  seed  grown  on  University  farms.  Synonyms 
— No.  66,  Giant  Normandy;  seed  from  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  No.  68,  Ores- 
back;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111.  No.  72,  Champion  white  pearl;  seed 
from  T.  Chester.  No.  59,  Zeig/er's  go  day;  No.  757,  Champion  white  ptarl;  -No.  158, 
White  queen;  No.  /jj>,  Smith's  favorite-  No.  134,  Hugh's  choice;  seed  from  Farm, 
Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9  inches  long,  2.1  102.25  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
white,  occasionally  red,  rather  small,  I.I  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth, 
cylindrical,  butt  nicely  rounded,  tip  bluntly  rounded,  usually  well  filled.  Juncture,  rather 
small,  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed,  broadly  wedge  shaped,  ~$  inch  long» 
y%  to  7-16  inch  wide;  white  above,  horn  white  below,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow; 
crease-dented,  slightly  pinched.  Rows,  14  to  16;  space  between,  slight — in  best  speci- 
mens, no  space  between. 

An  average  of  the  13  plats  gave  height  of  stalk  10%  feet;  of  ear,  5^.  Eight  per  cent, 
of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  about  135  days.  One  hundred  good  ears 
weighed  74  pounds;  nubbins,  40;  average  ears,  61.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  59 

was  6,471;  of  nubbins,  4,117;  total,  10,588.  The  yield  of  shelled  corn  per  acre,  as  husked, 
was  (good  ears,  68.3;  nubbins,  22.9)  91.2  bushels,  with  88  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and 
of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  81.8  bushels.  There  was  22.5  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when 
husked.  At  that  time  it  took  71  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and 
81.8  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  to  be  recommended  for  general  culture  in  central  Illinois.  Nos.  72  and 
157  were  probably  not  true  to  name  or  not  pure  in  type,  as  Champion  white  pearl  is  be- 
lieved to  possess  some  qualities  not  common  to  Burr's  white.  The  same  may  be  true  of 
No.  66.  Further  trials  may  show  differences  not  noted  this  season. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  white — Ears,  rough. 

No.  "jo,  Common  early  white;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111. 

Type  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  10  inches  long,  1.9  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
medium  sized,  I.I  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  distinctly  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed rounded;  tip,  pointed,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  small,  l/2  to  ^  inch  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  thickish,  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular,  corner  slightly  rounding,  j^  to  %  inch 
long)  H  inch  wide;  white  above,  horn-white  below;  crease  dented,  sometimes  pinched 
and  with  a  little  projection  at  top  on  chit  side.  Rows  14  to  18,  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12%  feet;  of  ear,  5^  feet.  Twenty  three  per  cent, 
of  the  stalks  were  barren.  1  he  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22d,  or  about 
130  days.  One  hundred  goods  ears  weighed  77  pounds;  nubbins,  36;  average  ears,  64. 
The  total  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  97.2;  nubbins,  20.1) 
117.3  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn  104.5  bushels.  There  was  20.74  per  cent. 
of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time,  it  took  69.8  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  78.3  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

Not  an  attractive  variety,  but  the  large  yield  makes  it  worthy  of  further  trial.  No. 
160,  Iroquois  white,  is  similar  to  it  in  appearance  of  ears. 

No.  77,  Gourd  seed;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  9  inches  long,  diameter  2.25  inches.  Cobs,  white, 
rather  small,  i.i  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip, 
evenly  rounded.  Juncture,  small,  diameter  %  to  %j  inch.  Kernels,  varying  from 
broadly  to  narrowly  wedge  shaped;  corners,  sometimes  rounded,  ^  inch  long.  5-16  to 
7-16  inch  wide;  white;  dimple-  to  crease-dented,  pinched,  ragged.  Rows,  1410  16;  space 
between,  somewhat  apparent. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12  feet;  of  ear.  5^  feet.  Sixteen  per  cent,  of  ihe 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22d,  or  about  130  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  82  pounds;  nubbins,  40;  average  ears,  67.  The  number 
of  good  ears  per  acre  was  8,220;  nubbins,  4.440;  tolal,  12,663.  The  yield  per  acre  of 
shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  99.4;  nubbins,  25.7)  125.1  bushels,  and  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  111.6  bushels.  There  was  20.63  Per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked. 
At  that  time  it  took  6S.6  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  76.9 
pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

A  promising  variety  for  central  Illinois. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES—  Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  smooth. 

No.  17,  Lapels  mixed  dent;  seed  grown  by  H.  T.  Lape,  Roseville,  Warren  Co.,  111. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  8  to  10  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
rather  large,  i.i  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  distinctly  tapering;  butt, 
compressed  rounded;  tip,  pointed,  fairly  tilled.  Juncture,  medium,  j^j  to  %  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Kernels,  wedge  shaped  to  rectangular,  $  inch  long,  5-16  to  ^  inch  wide;  yellow 
to  red  above,  orange  to  red  below.  Rows,  16;  space  between,  not  large. 

The  average  height  of  stalks  was  n'4  feet;  of  ears,  5  feet.  Eighteen  per  cent,  of 
the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  io:h  to  September  2ist,  or  about  135 


60  BULLETIN  NO.   4.  \_February, 

days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  73  pounds;  nubbins,  34;  average  ears,  58.  The 
number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  5,616;  of  nubbins,  3,600;  total,  9.216.  The  yield  per 
acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  60.7;  nubbins,  17.6)  78.3  bushels,  with 
72  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  69.7  bushels.  There  was 
20.63  Per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  66.4  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  74.6  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air- dry  corn. 

'No.  84,  Bloody  butcher;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign  111. 
Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8%  to  9^  inches  long,  2  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
white,  rather  small,  i.i  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed rounded;  tip,  pointed,  not  always  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  j^  to  %  inch  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  nearly  rectangular,  thick;  corners,  rounding,  }/2  inch  long,  7-16  inch 
wide;  yellow  surrounded  with  red  above,  light  to  dark  red  below,  long  dimple-dented. 
Rows,  12,  space  between,  rather  large. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  10^  feet;  of  ear,  4^  feet.  There  were  no  barren 
stalks.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  loth,  or  about  120  days.  One 
hundred  good  ears  weighed  68  pounds;  nubbins,  32;  average  ears,  62.  The  yield  per 
acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  107.3;  nubbins,  8.4)  115.7  bushels,  and 
of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  103.6  bushels,  with  101  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was 
20.28  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  68.3  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  76.3  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air-dry  corn. 

MEDIUM  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  rough. 

No.  £3,  Calico;   No.  85,  Common  red;  seed  grown  by  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign,  111. 

Type,  uniform,  except  in  color.  Ears,  8^  to  9  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Cobs,  red  or  white,  medium-sized,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish, 
slightly  tapering;  butt  and  tip,  evenly  rounded.  Juncture,  small,  j^  to  ^  inch  in  diame- 
ter. Kernels,  thickish,  rather  narrowly  wedge  shaped,  y^  to  9-16  inch  long,  5-16  inch 
wide;  crease-dented,  slightly  ragged.  The  ground  color  of  kernel  is  yellow  to  white, 
striped  lengthwise  with  red.  In  some  ears  the  kernels  are  solid  red.  No.  85  is  dis- 
tinguished from  No.  83  in  having  the  larger  part  of  the  ears  red.  Rows,  16  to  20,  space 
between,  slight. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  io|^  feet;  of  ears,  5^ 
feet.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  September  22,  or  about  130  days.  One  hundred 
ears  weighed  71  pounds;  nubbins,  40;  average  ears,  65.  The  yield  of  shelled  corn  per 
acre,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  104.9;  nubbins,  15.6)  120.5  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly 
air  dry  corn  108.6  bushels.  There  was  19.12  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked. 
At  that  time  it  took  67.2  pounds  of  ear-corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  74 
pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air- dry  corn. 

No.  129,  Calico,  is  similar  to  this  variety,  although  yielding  very  much  less,  which 
was  partly  due  to  location. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  yellow— Ears,  smooth. 

No.  j,  IfowarJ^s  improved  yellow;  seed  grown  by  H.  Howard,  Marshall,  Saline 
Co.,  Mo. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9'^  to  1 1  inches  long,  2  3  to  2.5  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  large,  1.2  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  cylindrical  to  slightly 
tapering;  butt,  compressed  and  sometimes  not  well  filled;  tip,  blunt  and  not  well  filled. 
Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  loose,  rectangular  to  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  y%  inch  long,  7-16  inch  wide;  bright  yeHow  above,  yellow  to  orange  below;  rather 
shallow  crease-dented,  sometimes  a  little  ragged,  dimple  dented  towards  tip.  Usually  16 
rows,  regular;  space  between,  slight. 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  6l 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12^  feet;  of  ear,  7^  feet.  Nineteen  per  cent,  of 
the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  October  ist,  or  about  145 
days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  103  pounds;  nubbins,  60;  average  ears,  91.  The 
number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  5,616;  nubbins,  2,232;  total,  7,848.  The  yield  per 
acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  82.6;  nubbins,  18.8)  101.4  bushels  with 
73  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn  83.9  bushels.  There  was 
26.37  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  this  time  it  required  72 
pounds  of  ear  corn  to  produce  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  86  pounds  to  produce  a 
bushel  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn. 

No.  7,  McConnell's  improved  orange  pride;  seed  grown  by  J.  H.  McConnell,  Rig- 
don,  Grant  Co.,  Ind. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8)4  to  ioj^  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red,  rather  large,  1.2  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  nearly  cylin- 
drical; butt  and  tip,  well  rounded;  latter,  not  always  well  filled.  Juncture,  small,  %  to  }£ 
inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  thick,  broadly  wedge-shaped;  ^  inch  long,  ^ 
inch  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease-dented,  pinched.  Rows,  14  to  16,  regular; 
space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12%  feet,  and  the  height  of  ear  55^  feet.  Sixteen 
per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  October  ist,  or 
about  145  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  75  pounds;  nubbins,  48;  average  ears, 
65.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  6,840;  nubbins,  3,744;  total,  10,584.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  71.9;  nubbins,  24.9)  96.8  bushels, 
with  88  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  82  bushels.  There  was 
24.57  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  70.1 
pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  82.8  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of 
thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  desirable  for  southern-central  and  southern  Illinois. 

No.  jj,  Feeders  favorite;  seed  grown  by  H.  &  L.  K.  Seymour,  Payson,  Adams 
Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  ioj^  inches  long,  2.1  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
small,  i.i  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  slightly  tapering;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  bluntly  rounding.  Juncture,  rather  small,  l/2  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, loose;  wedge-shaped;  corners,  sometimes  rounding;  _^  inch  long  and  y%  inch  wide; 
yellow  above,  orange  below;  long  dimple-  to  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched.  Rows, 
14  to  16;  some  space,  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12%  feet;  of  ear,  6%  feet.  Ten  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  141)1  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  87  pounds;  nubbins,  42;  average  ears,  79.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  86.3;  nubbins,  9.1)95.4  bushels,  and 
of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn  75.1  bushels,  with  76  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was 
29.95  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  67.6  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  85.9  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air  dry  corn. 

This  plat  was  injured  to  some  extent  by  cattle. 

No  40,  Swengel  corn;  seed  grown  by  Swengel  Bros.,  Neoga,  Cumberland  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  10  to  n^  inches  long,  2  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  small,  i.i  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  cylindrical  or  fusiform; 
butt,  compressed  rounded;  tip,  evenly  rounded  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ]/2  to 
%  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  thick,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  ^  inch  long, 
7-16  inch  wide;  light  yellow  above,  yellow  below;  crease-dented.  Rows,  12  to  14,  reg- 
ular; space  between,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12  feet;  of  ear,  6  feet.  Fifteen  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 


62  HULLKTIX   xo.   4.  [February^ 

One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  88  pounds;  nubbins,  37;  average  ears,  75.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  79.8;  nubbins,  10.5)  90.3  bushels, 
and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  70.6  bushels,  with  106  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There 
was  30.37  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  71.5  pounds 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  91.5  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn. 

Apparently  desirable  for  south  central  and  southern  Illinois. 

No.  43,  Victor ;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9  inches  long,  2.3  to  2.5  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,, 
large,  1.3  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  tip  fourth;  abruptly;  butt 
and  tip,  nicely  rounded.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  firmly- 
fixed;  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular,  9  16  inch  long,  5-16  to  $  inch  wide;  yellow  above, 
orange  below;  long  dimple-dented.  Rows,  18  to  20;  space  between,  well  filled.  The 
season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October  22d,  or  about  140  days. 

No.  46,   Yellow  king:  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Ears,  8*4  to  \ol/2  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red,  larger,  1.4. 
to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  rounded,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, thick,  broadly  wedge-shaped  to  rectangular;  corners,  rounded;  jfa  inch  long,  ^  inch 
wide;  yellow  to  orange  above,  deep  orange  below;  crease-dented,  slightly  pinched. 
Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between,  apparent.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October 
2d,  or  about  140  days. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  yellow—  Ears,  rough. 

No.  S,  Steward'1  s  improved  yellow  dent;  seed  grown  by  L.  W.  Steward,  Amanda, 
Pickaway  Co.,  Ohio. 

Type,  somewhat  variable.  Ears,  8  to  9  inches  long,  2.25  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
red,  rather  small,  I  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  slightly  tapering;  butt,  com- 
pressed rounded;  tip,  rounded  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  _J^  to  ^  in  h  in  diam- 
eter. Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  rather  thin,  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  ^  to  %  long,  ^  to 
5-16  wide;  yellow  above,  orange  below;  crease  -dented,  pinched  and  ragged.  Rows,  16- 
to  22,  regular;  space  between,  generally  slight. 

.  The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12^  feet;  of  ear,  6  feet.  Thirteen  per  cent,  of  the 
stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  October  1st,  or  about  145  days.  One 
hundred  good  ears  weighed  70  pounds;  nubbins,  57;  average  enrs,  66.  The  num'  erof  g  iod 
ears  per  acre  was  7,200;  of  nubbins,  2,736;  total,  9,936.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled 
corn,  as  husk'ed,  was  (goocl  ears,  79.7;  nubbins,  24.8)  104.5  bushels,  with  98  per  cent,  of  a 
full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn  91.2  bushels.  There  was  22.31  per  cent,  of 
water  in  the  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  67.3  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  77.1  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  desirable  for  south  central  and  southern  Illinois. 

No.  j2,  Menhall;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  10  and  II  niches  long,  2.2  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red,  rather  laige,  1.2  to  1.4  inches  in  diamete-.  Ears,  ro  gh,  nearly  cylindrical; 
butt  and  tip,  well  rounded,  and  latter,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  j^  to  ^  inch  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  thinish,  rather  broadly  wedge-shaped,  |$  to  11-16  inch  long,  }/&  ta 
7-16  inch  wide;  light  yellow  above,  yellow  to  orange  below;  deeply  crease  dented, 
much  pinched,  often  ragged.  Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between,  very  slight. 

The  season  was  from  May  141)1  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIF. TIKS—  A'sni, Is,  -vhite — Ears,  smooth. 
\o.  60,  Rural  heavy  dent;  seed  from  Farm,  /•»/</  and  Stockman. 
Type,  fairly  uniform.      Ears,  9^  to  \\}/2   inches  long,  2.3  to  2.6  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  white,  large,  1.4  to  1.6  inches  in  diameter.      Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical,  taper- 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  63 

ing  in  tip,  fourth;  butt,  compressed  rounded;  tip,  pointed,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  rather 
small,  yi  to  ^  inches  in  diameter.  Kernels,  very  broadly  wedge-shaped  to  slightly 
polygonal,  ^  to  ^  inch  long,  ^  to  %  inch  wide;  white  to  horn-white  above,  horn- 
white  below;  round  to  long  dimple- dented.  Rows,  12  to  16;  space  between,  often  con- 
siderable. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 

No.  6j,  Helms'1  improved;  seed  grown  by  F.  Helms,  Belleville,  St.  Clair  Co.,  111. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9^  to  10^  inches  long,  1.9  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,. 
red  or  white,  medium  sized,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt, 
compressed  rounded;  tip,  pointed  and  filled.  Juncture,  rather  small,  ]/%  to  ^  inch  in 
diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped;  corners,  rounding;  ^  inch  long,  y$  inch  wide;  white 
to  horn-white  above,  horn-white  below.  Rows,  16;  space  between,  apparent. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  12^  feet;  of  ear,  6^  feet.  Thirteen  per  cent,  of 
the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  90  pounds;  nubbins,  49;  average  ears,  74.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  81.4;  nubbins,  27.6)  109  bushels,  and 
of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  84.8  bushels,  with  91  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was 
30.72  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  as  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  72  pounds  of  ear  corn 
to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  92.5  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn. 

No.  6g,  White  Hunt ;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  9^  to  n  inches  long,  diameter  2.3  to  2. 8  inches.  Cobs, 
white,  very  large,  1.6  to  1.75  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  distinctly  tapering;  butt, 
compressed  rounded;  tip,  evenly  rounded,  faiily  filled.  Juncture,  large,  %  to  i%  inches 
in  diameter.  Kernels,  rather  narrowly,  wedge-shaped;  corners,  rounded;  cross  section, 
nearly  square;  |^  inch  long,  \^  to  ^  inch  wide;  white  to  horn-white  above,  horn-white 
below;  dimple  dented;  kernels  near  tip  and  butt,  hardly  dented.  Rows,  24  1030;  space 
between,  often  apparent. near  surface. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days.  Remarkable  for 
its  large  ears.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  138  pounds,  and  average  weight  of  one 
hundred  ears  was  103  pounds.  Three  selected  ears  averaged  one  and  three-quarters 
pounds  a  piece  when  hulked. 

No.  7j>,  Improved  Blountz  prolific;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  10  to  10^  inches  long,  diameter  2.3  to  2.6  inches.  Cobs, 
white,  large,  1.4  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  bluntly  rounded.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
thickish,  broadly  wedge  shaped  to  rectangular,  9-16  to  j>£  inch  long,  7-16  inch  wide; 
white  above,  horn-white  below;  long  dimple  dented.  Rows,  14  to  18;  space  between, 
usually  slight. 

The  season  was  from  May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 

A'o.  79,  Hickory  king;  seed  from  T.  Chester.  No.  163,  Hickory  king;  seed  from 
Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  7^  to  8j^  inches  long,  1.7  to  i.S  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
white,  small,  .9  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt*  not  rounded  or  com- 
pressed rounded;  tip,  pointed,  filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
distinctly  polygonal,  ]/%  to  9-16  inch  long  and  wide,  long  dimple  dented;  white  above, 
horn-white  to  yellow  below.  Usually  18  rows;  space  between,  large  and  apparent. 

Yield  is  not  reported  from  No.  79  on  account  of  poor  stand.  The  average  height  of 
stalk  was  10  feet;  of  ear,  5^  feet.  Twelve  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The 
season  was  from  130  to  140  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  63  pounds;  nubbins, 
35;  average  ears,  56.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  6, 180;  of  nubbins,  2  880; 
total,  9,060.  'I  he  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  45.2;  nub- 
bins, 13.2)  58.4  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  43.6  bushels,  with  86  per  cent,  of 


64  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

a  stand.  There  was  33.53  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took 
70.7  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  94.7  pounds  to  make  a 
bushel  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  not  desirable  for  general  culture  in  this  state. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  white — Ears,  rough. 

No.  24,  Smith's  premium  white  dent;  seed  grown  by  M.  H.  Smith,  DeSoto,  Wash- 
ington Co.,  Neb.  Synonym — X'o.  21,  Clark's  premium  no-day;  seed  from  Farm,  Field 
Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8)4  to  9  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  white,  large,  1.2  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  vary  from  smooth  to  rough,  tap- 
ering to  nearly  cylindrical;  butt  and  tip,  evenly  rounded.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^ 
inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped  to  nearly  rectangular,  ^  inch  long,  y%  inch 
wide;  white  above,  horn  white  below;  crease-dented,  sometimes  pinched.  Usually  16 
to  18  rows;  some  space  between. 

An  average  of  the  two  plats  gives  height  of  stalk,  n^  feet;  of  ear,  5^  feet.  Seven  per 
cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  The  season  was  from  May  loth  to  October  ist,  or  about 
145  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  75  pounds;  nubbins,  49;  average  ears  67. 
The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  6,480;  of  nubbins,  3,060;  total,  9,540.  The  yield 
per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  77  ;  nubbins,  23.6)  100.6  bushels, 
with  85  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  87.8  bushels.  There  was 
22.29  Per  cent-  of  water  in  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  68.3  pounds 
of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  78.2  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of 
thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

LATE  MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  smooth. 

No'.  81,  Piasa  pride;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform,  except  in  color.  Ears,  8  to  9^  inches  long,  2.2  to  2  4  inches  in 
diameter.  Cobs,  red,  large,  1.3  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  .Ears,  rather  smooth,  slightly 
tapering  to  cylindrical;  butt,  compressed  rounded;  tip,  rounded,  fairly  filled.  Juncture, 
rather  large,  ^  to  %  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped,  9-16  inch  long,  y%  inch 
wide,  crease-dented.  Kernels  on  some  ears  are  white  above  and  horn-white  below;  on 
others  they  are  striked  longitudinally  with  red.  Rows,  16  to  18,  some  space  between. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  13^  feet;  of  ears,  7^  feet.  The  season  was  from 
May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days.  .One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  95  pounds; 
nubbins,  53;  average  ears,  83.  The  yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn  was  (good  ears,  89.2; 
nubbins,  18.  i)  107.3  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  85.4  bushels,  with  a  full 
stand.  There  was  29. 13  percent,  of  water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took 
72. 4  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  91  pounds  to  make  a  bushel 
of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

Probably  desirable  on  fertile  river  bottom  lands  of  southern  Illinois. 

No.  12-j,  Strawberry;  Synonyms — A'o.  134,  Bloody  butcher;  No.  ijd,  Calico;  seed 
from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8  to  9  inches  long,  1.9  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs, 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  red,  medium  sized,  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  gener- 
ally smooth,  tapering;  butt,  slightly  rounded;  tip,  pointed  and  not  well  filled.  Juncture, 
large,  ^  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  thick,  polygonal  to  nearly  oval,  7-16  inch  long, 
T/%  inch  wide,  long  dimple  dented.  The  ground  color  is  yellow  above,  orange  to  red 
below,  striped  longitudinally  with  red  Rows,  12  to  14;  space  between,  very  large. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  three  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  io*4  feet;  of  ear,  5 
feet.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  67  pounds;  nubbins,  41;  average  ears,  57.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  57.6:  nubbins,  21.7)  79.3 
bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air  dry  corn  61.9  bushels.  There  was  30  47  per  cent,  of 
water  in  shelled  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  76. 7  pounds  of  ear  corn  to 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  65 

make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  98.1  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  thor- 
oughly air-dry  corn. 

According  to  the  field  notes  taken,  No.  127  barely  ripened  in  130  days,  while  Nos. 
134  and  136  did  not  mature. 

Inasmuch  as  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  corn  was  as  high  in  No.  127  as  in  Nos.. 
134  and  136,  and  in  other  respects  they  are  so  similar,  they  are  classid  as  the  same.  The 
variety  is  probably  not  desirable  for  general  culture. 

D.   NON-MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels, yellow — Ears,  smooth. 

No.  55,  Golden  beauty;  seed  from  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Nos.  108  and 
116,  Golden  beauty;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman.  Synonym — No.  45,  Golddust; 
seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  ioj^  to  n}4  l°ng»  r-9  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
medium  sized,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  not  rounded; 
tip,  bluntly  pointed,  not  entired  filled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  I  inch  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, loose;  broadly  wedge-shaped  to  nearly  rectangular;  corners,  rounding;  thick,  %  to 
9-16  inch  long,  7-16  to  )4  inch  wide;  yellow  above,  light  orange  below;  long  dimple-  to 
crease-dented,  tip  kernels  not  dented.  Rows,  12  to  14;  space  between,  distinct. 

An  average  of  the  four  plats,  of  which  108  and  1 16  were  the  poorer  on  account  of 
location,  gave  height  of  stalk  li^  feet;  of  ear,  5^  feet.  Seven  per  cent,  of  the  stalks 
were  barren.  Did  not  mature  in  a  season  of  from  May  I4th  to  October  ist,  or  140  days.. 
One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  85  pounds;  nubbins,  46;  average  ears,  75.  The  num- 
ber of  good  ears  per  acre  was  6,735;  °f  nubbins,  2,115;  total,  8,850.  The  yield  per  acre  of 
'shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  78. ;  nubbins,  13.1)91.1  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly 
air-dry  corn  71  bushels,  with  88  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand.  There  was  30.74  per  cent,  of 
water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  72.4  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  93.2  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  air-dry  corn. 

The  chief  attraction  of  this  variety  seems  to  be  its  long  smooth  ears.  The  cob  is- 
relatively  large  and  kernel  short,  and  there  is  considerable  space  between  rows. 

No.  96,  Queen's  golden;  Synonym — No.  99,  Imperial;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and 
Stockman. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  9  to  n  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.6  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  red, 
very  large,  1.3  to  1.6  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smoothish,  slightly  tapering;  butt,  swol- 
len, not  rounded;  tip,  rounded  and  unfilled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  i^£  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Kernels,  very  loose;  thin,  very  broadly  wedge-shaped;  corners,  sometimes  rounding, 
^  to  ^  inch  long,  7-16  to  }/2  inch  wide,  crease-dented,  somewhat  pinched;  light  yellow 
above,  yellow  to  orange  below.  Rows,  14  to  20;  space  betsveen,  slight. 

The  average  height  of  stalk  was  ioj!^  feet;  of  ear,  5^£  feet.  Did  not  mature  with 
season  from  May  24th  to  October  2d,  or  in  130  days. 

No.  100,  Pride  of  Missouri;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Variable  in  type.  Ears,  8  to  10  inches  long,  diameter  2  inches.  Cobs,  red,  medium 
sized,  1.2  to  1.3  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  not  rounded;  tip,  pointed,  not 
filled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  %  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  loose;  thick,  polygonal,  yz 
to  y%  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide,  round  to  long  dimple  dented,  near  tip  not  denting; 
yellow  to  orange  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  14  to  16;  space  between,  large. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  from  May  22d  to  October  2d. 

No.  in,  Missouri  mammoth;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stock/nan. 

Uniform  in  type.  Ears,  9  to  9^  inches  long,  2.2  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs,  white, 
rather  large,  1.3  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ear^,  rather  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  well 
rounded;  tip,  pointed  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  %  inch  in  diameter.  Ker- 
nels, loose;  wedge-shaped,  ^  to  9  16  inch  long,  5  16  inch  wide,  crease-dented;  yellow 
above,  orange  below.  Rows,  ib  to  18;  space  between,  slight. 

Did  not  ma! ure  with  season  from  May  22d  to  October  2d. 


66  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

No.  fig,  Long  John;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Variable  in  type.  Ears,  9  to  10^  inches  long,  diameter  2  to  2.1  inches.  Cobs, 
red  or  white,  rather  large,  13  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  nearly  cylindrical: 
butt,  compressed  or  scarcely  rounded;  tip,  blunt.  Juncture,  small,  ^  to  ^g  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Kernels,  thick,  wedge-shaped,  7-16  to  l/2  inch  long,  %"  to  ^  inch  wide,  crease- 
dented;  whitish  to  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  16  to  20;  no  space  between. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  from  May  22d  to  October  2d. 

NON-MATURING  VARIETIES — Kernels,  yellow  —  Ears,  rough. 

No.  Qj,  Mamnuth  club;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8%  to  9  inches  long,  diameter  2.4  to  2.6  inches.  Cobs,  red, 
very  large,  1.6  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt  and  tip,  slightly 
rounded,  latter  but  partially  filled.  Juncture,  large,  fy{  to  \]^  inches  in  diameter. 
Kernels,  loose;  rather  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  ^  to  9-16  inch  long,  ^  inch  wide, 
crease-dented,  pinched,  ragged;  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  18  to  22;  space 
between,  slight. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  from  May  22d  to  October  2d. 

No.  101,  Illinois  premium  dent;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  n  inches  long,  diameter  2.2  to  2.4  inches.  Cobs,  red, 
large,  1.4  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears  roughish,  tapering;  butt,  slightly  rounded;  tip, 
bluntly  rounded,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  ^  to  i  inch  long.  Kernels,  rather  narrowly 
wedge-shaped,  9  16  to  ^  inch  long,  5.16  to  ^  inch  wide,  crease  dented:  whitish  to  yel- 
low above,  orange  below.  Rows,  16  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  from  May  22d  to  October  2d. 

No.  120,  Chester  county  mammoth;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and  Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  8j^  to  9  inches  long,  diameter  2.4  to  2.7  inches.  Cobs, 
red,  very  large,  1.4  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  tapering;  butt,  slightly 
rounded;  tip,  evenly  rounded  and  well  filled.  Juncture,  large,  ^  to  i^g  inches  long. 
Kernels,  firmly  fixed;  thick,  narrowly  wedge  shaped;  cross  section  of  kernel,  often  nearly 
square,  9-16  inch  long,  5-16  inch  wide;  dimple-  to  crease  dented,  often  pinched  and 
ragged;  whitish  to  yellow  above,  orange  below.  Rows,  usually  22,  irregular,  no  space 
between. 

Did  not  mature  in  the  season  from  May  22d  to  October  2d. 

NON-MATURING  VARIETY — Kernels,  white — Ears,  smooth. 

No.  62,  Gould  Hill  prolific;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  variable.  Ears,  9  to  10  inches  long,  2.1  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter.  Cobs 
white,  large,  1.3  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  smooth,  tapering;  butt,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  pointed,  well  filled.  Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels, 
rectangular  to  slightly  polygonal,  9  16  inch  long,  7-16  inch  wide,  long  dimple-dented; 
white  above,  horn-white  below.  Rows,  12  to  16;  space  between,  apparent. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  of  140  days.  This  variety  is  remarkable  for  its  high  stalks. 
The  average  height  was  14^  feet,  and  the  average  height  of  ears  was  9  feet.  One  stalk 
was  measured  that  was  16^  feet  long,  and  whose  ear  was  10  feet  from  the  ground.  It  is 
not  a  desirable  variety. 

\<>N  MATURING  VARIETIES— Kernels,  white—  Ears,  rough. 

No.  22,  Piasa  king;  seed  grown  by  F.  C.  Pickard,  Godfrey,  Madison  Co.,  111.; 
Synonyms— No.  76,  St.  Clair:  No.  77,  St.  Charles;  seed  from  T.  Chester.  No.  ijji,  St. 
Charles  improved;  No.  ijj,  Madison  county  mammoth;  seed  from  Farm,  Field  and 
Stockman. 

Type,  fairly  uniform.  Ears,  9  to  Ii3^  inches  long,  2.2  to  2.6  inches  in  diameter. 
Cobs,  red  and  white,  usually  red,  large,  1.2  to  1.6  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  roughish, 
I 


1889-!  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  67 

tapering  to  nearly  cylindrical;  butt,  slightly  rounded;  tip,  rounded  and  fairly  filled.  Junct- 
ure, medium,  ^  to  %  inche  in  diameter.  Kernels,  wedge-shaped  to  slightly  polygonal, 
^  to  ^  inch  long,  y%  inch  wide;  white  above,  horn-white  below;  crease-dented, 
pinched.  Rows,  14  to  22,  space  between,  usually  slight. 

Yields  are  not  reported  for  Nos.  76  and  152,  on  account  ol  a  poor  stand.  An  aver- 
age of  the  other  three  plats  gave  height  of  stalk,  12]^.  feet;  of  ears,  6^  feet.  Four  per 
cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  Did  not  mature  in  a  season  from  May  loth  to  October 
ist,  or  145  days.  One  hundred  good  ears  weighed  99  pounds;  nubbins,  5.2;  average  ears, 
£2.  The  number  of  good  ears  per  acre  was  5,230;  of  nubbins,  2,950;  total,  8,180.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  shelled  corn,  as  husked,  was  (good  ears,  70.3;  nubbins,  19)  89.3  bushels, 
with  74  per  cent,  of  a  full  stand,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  60.7  bushels.  There 
"was  39.24  per  cent,  of  water  in  corn  as  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  75  pounds  of  ear 
corn  to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn,  or  no  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly 
air-dry  corn. 

This  variety  is  probably  worthy  of  a  trial  on  the  fertile  river  bottom  lands  south  of 
the  latitude  of  Alton. 

No.  74,  Hominy;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Type,  uniform.  Ears,  8^  to  9  inches  long,  diameter  2.25  to  2.6  inches.  Cobs,  red 
or  white,  large,  1.3  to  1.6  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rough,  cylindrical,  compressed 
rounded;  tip,  rounded,  fairly  filled.  Juncture,  y2  to  $  inch  long.  Kernels,  thin,  rather 
narrowly  wedge-shaped,  ^  to  ^  inch  long,  5-16  to  ^  inch  wide;  white  above,  horn- 
white  below,  crease-dented,  pinched.  Rows,  16  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  of  140  days. 

No.  78,  Shoe  peg;  seed  from  T.  Chester. 

Ears,  8  to  9^  inches  long,  diameter  2.1  to  2.2  inches.  Cobs,  white,  small,  i  to  i.i 
inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  tapering,  rough;  butt,  nicely  rounded;  tip,  pointed  and  filled. 
Juncture,  medium,  ^  to  ^  inch  wide.  Kernels,  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  fy  inch  long, 
5-16  inch  wide,  long  dimple-  to  crease- dented,  pinched;  white  above,  horn-white  below. 
Rows,  16  to  20;  space  between,  slight. 

Did  not  mature  in  season  from  May  I4th  to  October  2d,  or  about  140  days. 

NON-MATURING  VARIETY — Kernels,  colored,  not  yellow — Ears,  smooth. 

No.  80,  Piasa  pet;  seed  from  T.  Chester.  No.  141,  Piasa  pet;  Farm,  Field  and 
Stockman. 

Type,  uniform,  except  in  color.  Ears,  9^  to  10^  inches  long,  2.4  to  2.6  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Cobs,  red  or  white,  large,  1.3  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter.  Ears,  rather  smooth,  nearly 
cylindrical;  butt,  compressed  rounded;  tip,  rounded  and  not  filled.  Juncture,  small,  l/3  to 
^  inch  in  diameter.  Kernels,  broadly  wedge  shaped;  corners,  rounding;  ^  inch  long, 
7  16  inch  wide,  crease  dented;  white  above,  white  to  pink  below.  Rows,  14  to  16;  space 
between,  apparent. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  two  plats,  the  height  of  stalk  was  n^  feet;  of  ear,  6^ 
feet.  Four  per  cent,  of  the  stalks  were  barren.  Did  not  mature  in  season  from  May  I4th 
to  October  2d.  The  yield  of  shelled  corn  per  acre  was  (good  ears.  77.1;  nubbins,  14.6) 
<)i-7  bushels,  and  of  thoroughly  air-dry  corn  60.4  bushels.  There  was  42.54  per  cent,  of 
water  in  corn  when  husked.  At  that  time  it  took  80.9  pounds  of  ear  corn  to  make  a 
bushel  of  shelled  corn,  and  126.4  pounds  to  make  a  bushel  of  thoroughly  dry  corn. 


68  BULLETIN  NO.   4.  \_February, 

RESULTS  IN  DETAIL— EXPLANATIONS  TO  TABLES. 

Table  i. — The  germinating  power  of  fifty  kernels  of  each  of  the  vari- 
eties of  seed  planted  on  Plats  i  to  91,  except  Nos.  15  and  62,  was  tested  in 
the  Geneva  apparatus  at  an  average  temperature  of  79  degrees  Fahrenheit. 
[For  description  of  Geneva  apparatus  see  Bulletin  No.  j>,  p.  jo.~\ 

The  number  of  plants  growing  in  100  hills  on  plats  i  to  25,  and  in 
18  hills  on  plats  26  to  91,  was  ascertained  14  to  15  days  after  planting; 
and  in  18  hills  on  plats  92  to  169  the  number  was  ascertained  n  days 
after  planting.  The  percentage  of  kernels  producing  plants  is  given  in 
the  table. 

September  i4th  to  2oth,  the  number  of  stalks  and  the  number  of 
barren  stalks  growing  in  90  hills  on  plats  i  to  25,  and  in  81  hills  on  plats 
26  to  169  was  ascertained.  For  comparison,  a  full  stand  is  considered 
to  be  four  stalks  to  a  hill,  which  was  the  number  of  kernels  planted. 

The  height  of  stalk,  and  of  the  butt  of  the  ear  from  the  ground,  was 
ascertained  by  selecting  what  appeared  to  be  an  average  hill,  usually  of  four 
stalks  each  bearing  an  ear,  and  taking  an  average  of  the  measurements 
thus  obtained. 

Weekly  observations  were  made  upon  the  tasseling  of  the  several 
plats,  beginning  July  loth  and  ending  August  i5th.  The  date  given  in  the 
table  indicates  that  the  condition  specified  was  reached  during  the  pre- 
ceeding  week. 

Observations  were  made  upon  the  ripeness  of  the  corn  at  three 
periods,  September  loth  and  i4th,  September  2ist  and  22d,  and  October 
ist  and  2d.  The  date  given  in  the  table  indicates  that  maturity  was 
reached  during  the  ten  days  preceeding  the  observation,  except  the  first 
date,  which,  in  a  few  instances,  may  be  more  than  ten  days  after  maturity. 

Table  2. — For  plats  i  to  25  there  is  given  the  yield  in  pounds  of  ear 
corn  on  each  of  the  eight  rows,  10  rods  long,  or  i-72d  of  an  acre;  for  plats 
26  to  91,  the  yield  on  the  west  and  middle  thirds  of  the  plats,  i-4Oth  of  an 
acre;  for  plats  92  to  113,  the  yield  on  each  one-sixth  of  the  i-2oth-acre 
plats;  and  on  plats  113  to  166  the  yield  on  each  one-third  of  the  i-4oth- 
acre  plats,  is  given. 

Plats  i  to  9  were  husked  October  3oth;  plats  10  to  25,  October  2yth; 
plats  26  to  68,  October  2oth;  plats  69  to  91,  October  25th;  plats  92  to  95, 
November  yth;  plats  96  to  146,  November  i3th  and  i4th;  and  plats  146 
to  166,  November  i7th. 

Table  j. — In  plats  i  to  25  forty-five  hills,  or  i-72d  of  an  acre,  and 
in  plats  16  to  166  fifty-four  hills,  or  i-6oth  of  an  acre,  were  used  to  ascer- 
tain the  number  and  weight  of  good  ears  and  nubbins,  and  the  shelled 
corn  from  each.  The  weights  were  taken  in  the  field,  as  given  in  table  2, 
and  the  corn  used  for  this  purpose  was  reweighed  just  before  shelling. 
In  shelling,  any  corn  remaining  on  cobs  was  removed  by  hand.  The  cobs 
were  then  weighed.  The  difference  was  the  weight  of  the  shelled  corn. 
From  these  data  the  yield  of  corn  per  acre  was  calculated  from  the  field 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  69 

weight,  as  given  in  table  2.  An  average  pint-sample  of  the  shelled  corn 
of  each  variety,  with  the  few  exceptions  noted  in  the  table,  was  sent  to 
the  Station  laboratory  and  the  percentage  of  water  ascertained.  From 
these  data,  there  were  calculated  the  yield  per  acre  of  corn  containing 
ii  per  cent,  of  water  and  the  pounds  of  ear  corn,  as  husked,  that  it  would 
take  to  make  a  bushel  of  corn  containing  n  per  cent,  of  water,  which  is 
the  per  cent,  of  water,  approximately,  in  thoroughly  air-dry  corn. 

One  to  five  (usually  three)  days  elapsed  from  the  time  the  corn  was 
husked  until  it  was  shelled.  It  is,  therefore,  a  slight  error  of  statement 
to  give  the  percentage  of  water  as  that  of  the  corn  when  husked;  but  as 
the  percentage  of  shelled  corn  in  ear  corn  was  calculated  from  the  field 
weights  of  the  ear  corn,  it  causes  no  error  in  giving  yields. 

Table  4. — A  division  into  good  ears  and  nubbins  was  made,  and  the 
calculated  number  per  acre  and  the  average  weight  of  one  hundred 
of  each,  is  given  in  the  table.  What  constituted  a  nubbin  was  a  matter 
of  judgment,  and  varied  with  the  character  of  each  variety. 

Table  5. — The  yield  of  the  25  plats  of  tract  (a)  during  the  season  of 
1887  is  given  in  this  table.  The  corn  was  planted  May  i4th  and  husked 
October  25th  to  2yth.  The  yield  per  acre  was  calculated  from  three- 
fourths  of  the  plat,  or  i-i2th  of  an  acre.  The  percentage  of  water  was 
ascertained  from  sample  ears,  instead  of  from  an  average  sample. 


-3 


70 


24 


23 


20 


:9 


16 


BULLETIN  NO.   4.  [February, 

DIAGRAMS  OF  PLATS  USED  IN  EXPERIMENT  No.  i 


|    76    | 

QD 

|    78    | 

r~79~~i 

[~80~~| 

nn 

i     «'/ 
|_83  j 

68 

60 

50 

42 

34 

26 

69 

61 

51     ! 

43 

35 

27 

L^ 

70 

62 

1    63    | 

44 

36 

28 

54 

71 

63 

55 

45 

37 

29 

l~8r~i 

|    85     | 

|    86    j 

nn 

DUO 

|_89_J 
|    90    | 

nn 

72 

64 

56 

46 

38 

30 

73 

65 

57 

47 

39 

31 

74 

66 

58 

48 

40 

32 

75 

67 

59 

49 

41 

33 

102 

101 

100 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

93 

92 

113 

112 

111 

110 

109 

108 

107 

106 

105 

104 

103 

124 

123 

122 

121 

120 

119 

118 

117 

116 

115 

114 

135 

134 

133 

132 

131 

130 

129 

128 

127 

126 

125 

146 

145 

144 

143 

142 

Ml 

140 

139 

138 

137 

136 

157 

156 

155 

154 

153 

152 

151 

150 

149 

148 

147 

168 

167 

166 

165 

164 

163 

162 

161 

160 

159 

158 

CO 


oo 

[Note  to  Diagrams. — Tract  (a)  had  25  plats,  Nos.  i  to  25,  each  containing  8  rows, 
45  hills  or  10  rods  long.  Tract  (b)  had  66  plats,  Nos.  26  to  91,  each  9  hills  or  2  rods 
square,  except  Nos.  51  to  54  and  76  to  91,  which  were  4  by  9  hills  each.  Tract  (c)  had  76 
plats,  Nos.  92  to  168.  Nos.  92  to  113  were  each  9  by  18  hills  or  2  by  4  rods,  and  Nos.  114 
to  168  were  each  9  hills  or  2  rods  square.  The  position  of  the  tracts  in  relation  to  each 
other  is  not  shown.] 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


Maturity  in   10  days 
ending 

i-iCN_;NNN_;_;>-iC-<N    —    —    «NN               fNI" 

"  2 

J15  H  Jo  S  ££t£lt  It    t  £    £  Jo 

Full  tassel  in  week 
ending 

<S^^~^V?^^V?       ^       XXX 

£A<  £A<  <  <  ^AHA^-HAH,  '    £A      A^A 

First  tassel  in  week 
ending 

Oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo         ooo          oooo 

>>>,>,^>,>s>,>,>,   X>^>,>,>,   >,>^                   ^     >,                   >>>>>, 

3333333333333333                33                333 

Av.  circum.  of  3  cobs, 
inches. 

T$~      r>.  to  w  !•*••      tooo     •  co  N  cooo  to               co  co         oo  oo 
to      i-  N  ON  -«       r^o       oo  ONOO  to  r^              oo  oo           to  o 

ro  •*  Tl-  *  ro  Th  •«-  co  rf       rororororo                roc 

•)           ro  <*  ^t- 

Av.  circum.  3  specimen 
ears,  inches. 

N  OO    *-O  t^1*  UO  i-O  t^>»                        CO                iOOO                        W  OO                 CO         I""* 

•o  t^i^j^t^t^t^^t-.     vovd\dvd«^            o\d         ^dvdt^ 

Av.  length  3  specimen 
ears,  inches. 

Q\  t"^*                      ^*    t^*  LO  w>        vO  OO    O  CO    CS                    00  &O               1-O  t^«.OO 

r-»  ON  O    O^  &  O^  c5^0O    GN       OO   t^OO   I>-OO                   00  CO             OO   t^>OQ 

Ears. 

43  ^ 

^      J?      ^      1C      ICvo^xo^to      K               e 

o 
4                to 

•<t  to  t-»  10  10  to  IOVO    Tj-  10  to  •*  tO  10  10  10             »OlO            ^0    T)-to 

E1""              Stalks. 

X    X    c?    !ClQlClC^lQtotoc?lC       X 

M    M    N 

2-222^222-"  ^2  ""«       n  -       22" 

Percentage  of  barren 
stalks. 

ON  M    ON  t^»OO   ro^O   co  "^  t^.^0  r^*  l~*»  ro  ON  '-i            CO  1 

~-»           t^»  t^»  r^ 

Percentage  of  a  full 
stand  of  stalks. 

OO   N   ro  •*  ro^D  OOOOOO^OMt"rf-t^Tj-            Nt 
OO    ONt^OO    l^-OO  OO    ONOO  OO  OO  OO    2    f^00    ^             **• 

-^            N    ^  ro 

3\            ON  ON3O 

r'ercentage  germinating 
in  field. 

^~  >^  ro  r-j  OO  to  ro  O  to  M  ro^O  *O  ^O   ^t"*O            to 
OO  QO  to  t~*»  ^^O  t^»00  OO  r~-»oO  vO  vO  \O  to*O             ^J* 

^            ONOO   rj- 

Percentage  germinating 
in  Geneva  apparatus. 

OO   O  *>O   O  *O   O   O   O   O   O   O   O  *-O   W      •   O             ^OO            CO   O   O 
ON  O  *O    O    ON  O   O   O   O   O   O   O  OO    ON    •   O              ON  ON            ON  O   O 

- 

Page  of  description. 

OroOTj-rj-t^>-iN   ONrf  tooo  OO  OO  r^  ^            ON 

N              OO    M    -<J- 

1 

M 

V 

c 
u 

'.%£'.'.  '.'£  u    i~  '  '.^  \M         _-HH        H; 

_;  £  *  d   ;  A  ^  O  5  e  •  £  _:  e  _;  a             i=!  c          e  _; 

~*     »    r.  b/T    .   flj     |       ^   W}  >  r~]   bj^p—  ^   &JD                  «  tjQ           &JD^^ 
p?  '—  ^   rt     '  ^     ~^j-i03O'*rt         rt          •      •—  i   rt             G$ 

•j1  2  2  °"  •         "O3cx-t;>-,ci,4j-CL.           ^a.        o.*^ 

°"S'=  •ij'rtaSoaa:'       "*a      aw 

rtSrtJ3      ;u-£?aa)4243'3x^43                   O.C            43  -'S 

-d 

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u 

a 

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b-l 

«     .     .   g      .        13      •      •    g         %    £      •   ff 
C     •     •   ""  ^     •    =  ^      •   *-         2'-:"flC-                 • 
O^-^-y'-og'^       QH^i^                  0 

.^oci^Kuojt/;^  —  >,  j  >«        §- 

.^*   W  PQ   o   ^     •   ^S  M  C  *[2   ^"c   ^  t—  I   ^           \j    hJ 

University  tarm  . 
varieties. 
University  farm  . 
Wm.  T.  Lamb  .  . 
F.,F.  and  S  

1 

u 

a 

rt 

fc 

R       ••o-'-'S      «       -'"S       ••>, 

"^*            *         *  *3         *         *         ".        **O         *^J            "'Sj            '         •    r—  • 

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^  3  ^  J   :  A  ^  J  -3     o  3      :  c  :  ^  » 

Smith  s  mixed  dei 
Tract  (a)  —  W 
Burr's  white  
Princeton  
Clark's  premium 

DO              ONO   « 

BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_Febrtiary t 


Maturity  in  10  days 
ending 

^   O         —             N   O   O   N   O   N   O         OOOOOci         MM         N     •     _ 

E  Q.*»  Qi 

_    JTjj  D 

tf  111^15  *M$M*  -n*  K  $ 

Full  tassel  in  week 
ending 

06  00  ^  10 
tJOjx,  U3_>^ 

3333333  ^    333333^3     ^,  ^*     -,  ^  ^* 

First  tassel  in  week 
ending 

«   O  OC  00 

ooo  ooo  ooo  ooo  o  o  o  o  oocoooooooc:/:  u-.vo 

ti>,>^ 

>,>,>,>x^>>  >,>,>~>,>,>,^  >,>>>,>,  >,>,>,>, 

333333333333333533    =    33 
—  .  —  .  —  .'  —  .—»•—>'—>'  —  1>—  >—  >•—  >i—  »>—  >—  >>—  ,'  —  >'  —  ,'  —  .  —  .  —  .  —  > 

Av.  circum.  of  3  cobs, 
inches. 

o  oo 

t^.  fiOO  r^rOf^J            vOOOOONNNOOr^N         fO 
<-*  OO    O  OO  OO  OO    1/1  1OO    O    1/1  ^i"  ^t*  ^"  1OOO    ^f  1O3O          1/1 

•^^co                 rf  rorOro^rofOco^fOfO^rorf-rofO^TK^^-rJ- 

Av.  circum.  3  specimen 
ears,  inches. 

LO  1O 

NOON    1OO    10  i-»   1O  O  •""    "•    flO    10  '^1  1O  -•  vO    N 

vOOt^                r-00  t-vovovooo  mu^oo  t-00  t-t^t^vo  r- 

Av.  length  3  specimen 
ears,  inches. 

Cr    o 

N        ro  f^i  r^.       t~>«  t~-»  t^»      oo  looo        1/1  10                  i^"OO 

OOO  OO 

oo  oo  r^oo  oo  oo  oo  ooo  i^  r^  r~~  r^  o  O  O  ooo  o  O   o 

Ears. 

10  LO  LO  in 

ICJClCinin^      ^JC      loiCtQio      m      J?iouom 

t^.  Tt"  1O  1/1 

o 

ffi  ~              Stalks. 

1/1  1/1 

i/i                10  1/1       10            10                     10  10  in 

fOO  «  •- 

—    OOO'-'O'-'OO*    OOO    OOO    O—    N«NN    —    NN 

Percentage  of  barren* 
stalks. 

OOO  O  10 

00^^-fOOOWOOSOM-O^^OO^N'C- 

Percentage  of  a  full 
stand  of  stalks. 

-  00  vO   O 
00  r^oo   O 

rJ"OO    O  •"•    ^f"  N    fOvO    OO    N  O    N  O  O    N    N    *•    OOO    f*"1 

OOO  r~»  O  OOO  OO  t^OOOO    OO    OOOO    OOr^  OOO 

Percentage  germinating 
in  field. 

1O  1OVO    r^ 

O  «  100   •""   ^O  roO  O   r'iNOOOOOOO   N  in  O  »o  "~.  ro 

OOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO    OO  OOO  OO  OO  OO    OOO    O  OO  00 

Percentage  germinating 
in  Geneva  apparatus. 

00    N    O  00 

OOOO 

l-l 

8OOO   O   rfQOOO    O   O    -d-00  OO^OOOOOO'*'* 
O    OO    OO    OOO   O    OOC  JO    OO   O   O    OO    'J-OO 

Page  of  description. 

O   1-1    "3-OO 

f  OO    O    OOOOO    O    —OO    OOO    t^OO    i-    10  •*  N  OO    10  N 

0 

So 

«j 
u 

JS 

::::::  ^  :  :  :  2  ::::::::.: 

..  Piasa,  111  
.  .  Waucoma,  Iowa 
.  .  De  Soto,  Neb.  . 
.  .  Champaign,  111. 

""                 >   •-<'  ^Q«    s  
c                 Sd^1  =      ^      -Jd      '  ; 

I     ••  I||I  i  iP  :  • 

d     

"Q 

1U 

o 
•s- 

0 

•    •    •  g 
™  ^  .ti 

HH     ^        "" 
&H  ^   <5  |     ^          ] 

g  ::::::£  ^  ::::::  ^  :  :  :  :  : 

J-     W  .tJ     ..<-..   <n   O      

v2>:              •  e*"  S   *•  '«a   "   "  c'*    

H 

'C 

> 

S-i 

0 

u 

£ 
« 

j|jj  iUniHiliUMjr!;-:: 

2    r       E 

»x 

•£  c        -" 
u 
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aw- 

|.|||   * 

Sill  ^ 

C-UO  W 

>    ;  :  :  :  «  •  <u  :  o  -5     ^  6  ;  :  ;  ^  ^  :  ;  : 

J         •   •  jj>8    •'*•  -e  >LO     "*"  "O        '    •  ^  §  >,  '    ' 

;  512111  JlllllllllJlill 

No.  of  plat. 

N    fO  ^t"  m 
N    N    N    N 

^  ^  ^R^RS^^^f^f??^. 

i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    IN    CORN 1883. 


73 


oooooc  oooocoo  ooo 


\O   r^O  O   f»  t-~O   too 


ONOO    ONOO  00  -O    ONOO   O 


OO    O  OO    ON  O  00    OvOO    ON  O  00    O    ON  O 


O  OO    ON  O    «  00  OO 


oo 

O 


^  ON  ro  »tO  ^O  to  to>O  to  t 


to          to  to  to 


to  to         to 

pj  mod  d 


ONOO    ON—N 


10  n   N   NO   m  *t  O   N 


ON  N    O    TfOO  OO  ^O  VO    O    ON  t^  ON>O    fO  rOO  vO    NOOOOt^i-i    O    O 


oo  oo  r^oo  o~oo  o 


oooooooooooo          OT)-OQOO    :  o  oo  oo  o  o 

OOONONONONOOON  OONOOOO      .   O    ON  ON  O    ON 


N  -*vo  NO  oo  oo 


O    O  O 
OO    O  NO 


TJ-Tj-LOO^O    M  VO  X>    >-O               N    N    N  OC    N 
if)  \-f~)  Wi  u")  LOO    *-O  ^t"O                 t-O  ^O  LO  IO"O 

N  O    N  OO    rOOO    «  OO    ro  ON  ONX)    m  t^ 
too  to  too  to  to  too  to  to  too  O 

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O  O  O  O             O  O  too 

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74 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_February, 


Maturity  in   10  days 
ending 


Full  tassel  in  week 
ending 


First  tassel  in  week 
ending 


66666 


O5       .      .    l    4)    4) 


O        OOOPDOODDDDOOO 


Av.  circum.  of  3  cobs, 
inches. 


to  N   CO  CO  N 


Av.  circum.  3  specimen 
ears,  inches. 


CO  00 

vd  vd 


t^*  co  cosO 
i  TJ-  in  m  "tf- 


Av.  length  3  specimen 
ears,  inches. 


com 

d-ao 


OO 

o 


<s]    -«    Os  O    Os 


OO  OO  00  OO    OXJO      •    O  Os  OsOO    Os  OsOO 


Ears. 


mm  in 

co  co  co  co  csi 


mmmm 


Stalks. 


in  in  in  m  in 

Os  dsxj    OsOO 


in  in  in       in  in       in 

ONO«-cJN6dd«dcc)osdds- 


Percentage  of  barren 
stalks. 


CON  O  »  co 


Percentage  of  a  full 
stand  of  stalks. 


Percentage  germinating 
in  field. 


O  int^ 

Os        1-1 


Percentage  germinating 
in  Geneva  apparatus. 


Page  of  description. 


J 

:        •  '. 

§  g" 

>  a 
Wo 


No.  of  plat. 


H    S 


Bloody  butch 
Common  red 


_  ta.  O.S| 


N  ro  -^-  msO.t^oo   OO   I-   M   ^  •* 
OsOsOsOsOsOsOsOsO   O   O   O    O 


1889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN — 1888. 


75 


M'«^vv*«c«M-s;yv 


.NQ.NNO.D.NNMQ-NNa.a.NNNMNfS  NNN      .    O.  N    Q.  G.  M    O.     .      .NO-CXQ- 

^oCooCCooo-otJcSoooooo         otju^^o^^o^^  JJ*  o  _C  3   c         JJ" 


* 

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—   o  Om  1-1     • 

ro  m  in    •  inoo  N  fi  t^  in  m  N  t^»        10    •        N 
OO  r^  t~>>    -NO   OOO  vo  N  r^  ^  •"          t~-    •         ^1" 

moo  N  c<i 

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^ 

t^         COOC  00 
vo        00   O   O 

oS1 

^^fOC^COTf      . 

ro  M  c<)    .   ro  rj-  rf  ro  fO  -*  co  ro  •*         CO    •   Tj-  fO 

TJ-CO 

coco 

CO 

rh  co  co  co  «•  t  rh 

^ 

N  m  fi  m 

ON   ro  N 

1^,     *   fO  fO        rO  t*»00    N   i-O  Is**          *-*^     •  OO  OO 
i/"i  10  *^      •  00    rO       OO  vO   >-O  ^  d  ^O            N      •   *O  O 

moo 
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fr 

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oo 

t^vO  vO  O  vO   t^    • 

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0  vo 

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r^»      oo  i^       fi    • 

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t^OO    O     •    O  O  OOO  OO  00    f^OO    O         00      •    OOO  00    OOO  00  OO  OC  OO  VO  00    O  OOO 

}  10  in  LO        in  in  i 


10  t^.  iom 


1/1        1/11/1        1/11/1        1/11/11/1        1/1        1/1 


\D  \f)  \f)  \S^  \f)  \f)  LT>  IO  IO  IO  \J~)\f)  LTi  LTj 

d^dddodddNdddNddddoNOddNcKdd 


4O  iri  xr>        10        LO  ir>  u^  tr%  10        *O 

d  «  cKoo  ddddoo'd  c^t^osdd^ 


"-"OOOOrOOOOOO-^-NfO'-N   — 


K  -    -    - 

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iversit 

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Extra  early  
Southern  queen  
Golden  beauty  
farmers'  favorite  

^ueen  of  the  prairie.. 
Vlissouri  mammoth.  .  . 
Vlammoth  bronze  .  .  .  . 

O 

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76 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_February, 


Maturity  in  10  days 

D    <L>    fiJ    lj    D 

a.  ex  a.  a-  & 

4J    <U    « 

ending 

C    S    5    C    E 
,_J  ^J  ^J  ,  —  I  ^J 

escctjucco^u  §"  o  -u  o  ^o 

=  =  s- 

•   jA     ' 

Full  tassel  in  week 

oo  i-  1-1  -  oo 

CO   «   Jf 

ending 

M  t/j  tyj  b/i  b/ 

33333 
«<« 

tuObjObjOb/)Mb/)b/)b/J6JObXlo«b/JbX)b/3tX) 

333333333333333 

«««««««;<: 

Wl  W)_>s 

P)    N    N 

ending 

6J3  bJ3  t/)  bJO  b/ 
33333 
<«« 

bi)bJObJ3bi)fcJoti)bi)bJo>>>>>>           fcjobjo 

33333333  —  —  -S                 33 

«««:«  ^-^^       <  < 

3    3      | 

i  Av.  circum.  of  3  cobs, 

Tf   LOCO     I~> 

OO                        M    0  NO         OO    r^NO    ON  ^-     •  OO 

£•£• 

inches. 

Tj-  •*  ro  ro 

fO                  rJ-Tj-c^TffO^r^roro.M 

Tj-roro 

Av.  circum.  3  specimen 

33-3-3 

ro                  OO         i-OOOsONM           -"I 

r^  t^oo 
«  -  O 

ears,  inches. 

t"-*  t""*\O  *O 

.0                   vo  l^vO  t^vO  VO  vO  NO  NO      _  10 

vO  ^O   10 

Av.  length  3  specimen 

00  r^OO  t^ 

ro                  f)  10       10  N  CO  t^>  1000 
ro                 cO  t^»       x^«  ^-  in  <^   N  to    •  ro 

00    N 

ears,  inches. 

O^  C\  ^  O^ 

CO                      t^.00  00  CO  00  CO    ON  OsOO        °*? 

**    ON  ON 

to  w»        u"j 
t-^  N   10  M 

tClCtC^^^^tClCto^tC 

ICJC 

•^                   tars. 

LO  LO  IO*O     W 

,10x010^10  rh  *  ^-  r^  r,-  ro  «  ^  *  10 

44« 

Stalks 

i?^iolClC 

10         K^lotC                toJ?         1C^         1C 

u^  r^.  LT> 

00000 

OOOOOONOOCO    ONOO  OO  00    ON  ON 

O^  O^  *-^ 

Percentage  of  barren 
stalks. 

OO  •*  »o  -<   O 

^^^^^ 

—  - 

!     Percentage  of  a  full 
stand  of  stalks. 

N    i-  00    N    — 

1^         t~-  N    ON  r-~  O\00  00    ONOO"  1--OO  OC  CO 

O   ro  ^J" 
00  OO  OO 

Percentage  germinating 
in  field. 

N    ONO   ro  O 
ro  —  OO  OO 

OO         OO    •"    ON  t~»  ONOO  OO    ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON 

<O  ONNO 

oo  oo  oo 

Percentage  germinating 
in  Geneva  apparatus. 

:  :  ;  •  :  •         :  •  :      :  •  : 

Page  of  description. 

•      •  VO  O  CO  CO                OOOON          «  00    CO 

c 

i 

.     .     .     .     •     .           .          .             1—  1 

i 

u 

•    ;    ;    c 

.    .    '    .    .    .        .    .    .           c« 
.    .    ;    a, 

::•:::::::::  B 

rt 

-a 
"b 

£ 
o 

|im 

::::::•::::::  S 

•^ 

^3 

o 

»  -  -  -  - 

P 

8  *    " 

a 

c 

<i 

5^r 

^ 

•  X      ' 

"     '   '  i 

"u 
> 

"3 

1 

iltll 

•.  ^  o   *.  *   •   *  Sj        

"^i  sd  M  ill  slll^J 

s    ;  .  _o 
1    :  j  t 

No.  of  plat. 

^^•J^ 

C^  O    "*    Cl    <"*"}  ^J"  *-OO   t^*00    O*^  O    "*   N   ro 

vO  O  vO 

i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


77 


TABLE  2.  — FIELD  WEIGHTS  OF  EAR  CORN  IN  POUNDS. 


2 

p 

Yield  of 

0 

Row  i. 

Row  2. 

Row  3. 

Row  4. 

Row  5. 

Row  6. 

Row  7. 

Row  8. 

ear  corn  on 

^ 

i-gth  acre. 

P" 

I 

9°-5 

86 

87 

74-75 

80 

•89 

75-5 

81 

663.75 

2 

100.5 

92.25 

85 

94 

93-75 

91-5 

96.25 

91.25 

744-5 

3 

no 

100.5 

94-5 

93-75 

CO    r 

»»-5 

96 

101.25 

125-5 

810 

4 

110.25 

9i 

85-5 

98 

97-75 

92.5 

92.25 

94-5 

761.75 

5 

91 

90 

83-75 

83 

84 

85-5 

80 

89-5 

686.75 

6 

93-5 

100.25 

84.25 

92.5 

97 

77-75 

83 

9-25 

721-5 

7 

9975 

98.25 

91-75 

82.25 

83 

82.75 

98-5 

118 

754-25 

8 

99-5 

92.5 

98 

95-25 

96.5 

98.75 

92 

109 

781.5 

9 

95-5 

84.25 

9Q-.25 

78.5 

86 

85 

94-25 

92.25 

706 

10 

93-75       87.5 

845 

9i 

87-25 

87 

76.75 

88.5 

696.25 

ii 

103-25 

835 

78 

73-5 

84 

78 

83-5 

106.25 

690 

12 

80 

76.75 

73-25 

75-25 

70.5 

70 

66.5 

76 

588.25 

13 

9i 

88 

80.25 

83-75 

81 

81.25 

87-5 

Q4- 

686.75 

14 

79 

70.5 

8i75 

78.75 

74-25 

78 

73 

82.5 

617-75 

15 

101.75 

85-75 

84.25 

81.5 

79-5 

91 

80.75 

99 

703-5 

16 

93-75 

91-5 

83 

92-5 

84 

85 

9425 

96-75 

720.75 

17 

74-75 

75 

6'-5 

70 

7'-75 

74-5 

65-5 

83-5 

578.5 

18 

9i 

85 

86.75 

84.5 

83 

945 

90.5 

98 

713-25 

19 

109.5 

95-5 

87-5 

103 

83 

84-5 

87 

95-75 

745-75 

20 

89-5 

80 

78.25 

75  75 

73-25 

77.25 

76 

82.5 

632.50 

21 

95-25 

87-75 

9° 

895 

88.5 

85-75 

82.25 

104.5 

723-5 

22 

iOO.25 

83-75 

77 

75-5 

78 

77 

7i-75 

98-75 

662 

23 

70 

67-75 

72.5 

58-75 

73-25 

63-25 

67 

65-5 

538 

24 

i<5-25 

92-5 

95 

93-25 

92-25 

101.5 

104 

109.5 

803.25 

25 

IIO 

99-25 

92-75 

87 

94-75 

99.  r 

ss  5 

96.25 

1  06 

774-5 

Sum 

2,385-5 

2,185 

2,108.25 

2,105.5 

2,104.75 

2,115-75 

2,ii5-5 

2,381.25 

17,504-5 

BULLETIN    NO.    4. 
TABLE  2— Continued. 


[February, 


Weight  ear  corn  on  parts  of  i-46th-acre  plat. 


No. 

West 
Third. 

Middle 
Third. 

Two- 
Thirds. 

No. 

West 
Third. 

Middle 
Third. 

Two- 
Thirds. 

26 

56 

53 

109 

58 

53 

47 

IOO 

27 

28 

53-5 
34-5 

46.5 
26 

IOO 

60.5 

I9 
60 

I 

49 
63 

105 
H3 

29 

56 

49-5 

105-5 

61 

51 

101 

30 

42  25 

45-25 

87.5 

62 

52 

52 

104 

3i 

66 

57-5 

123-5 

63 

48 

38-5 

86.5 

32 

40.5 

41-5 

82 

64 

70 

57-5 

127.5 

33 

57-5 

50 

107.5 

65 

66 

63 

129 

34 

46-5 

87-5 

66 

74-5 

57-5 

132 

35 

40.5 

39-5 

80 

67 

54 

49 

103 

36 

45 

45 

90 

68 

66.25 

71-25 

137-5 

37 

37-5 

37 

74.5                  69 

62 

53 

"5 

38 

43-5 

47 

90.5                  70 

72 

136.5 

39 

65-25 

Si-5 

116.75 

71 

78 

65'5 

40 

55-5 

52 

107-5 

72 

56.5 

54-5 

in 

4i 

55-5 

56-5 

112 

73 

52-5 

43-5 

96 

42 

51 

53 

IO4 

74 

59 

45-5 

104.5 

43 

69.5 

695 

139 

75 

24 

27-5 

51.5 

44 

48 

55 

IO3  ' 

76 

23 

24 

47 

45 

56 

48-5 

104.5 

77 

23 

35 

58 

46 

60.25 

46.5 

106.75 

78 

21 

30 

47 

69  . 

57 

126 

80 

33-5 

32.5 

66 

48 

61.5 

54 

"5-5 

81 

26 

57-5 

49 

60 

48 

1  08 

82 

'9 

19 

38 

So 

52-5 

55-5 

1  08 

83 

32 

29.5 

61.5 

28.5 

30 

58.5 

84 

30-5 

28 

58-5 

52 

35-5 

34 

69.5 

85 

29-5 

29 

58.5 

53 

34 

28 

62 

86              1625 

16.75 

33 

54 

21-5 

18 

39-5 

87 

20 

21 

55 

66 

495 

"5-5 

88 

135 

27 

56 

43-5 

38.5 

82 

89 

18 

I9'5 

37 

57 

46 

43-5 

895 

90 

19 

I8.5 

37-5 

Sum 

2,097-25    1  2,765  75 

5,763.00 

Yield  of  ear  corn,  pounds,  on  one-six  of  plat. 

Ear  corn  on 

No. 

i-2Oth  acre 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

plat. 

92 

27.25 

30 

26.5 

3° 

28 

30 

171-75 

93 

49 

535 

65-5 

48-5 

595 

60 

336.00 

94 

535 

53-5 

55 

54 

56.5 

52-5 

325.00 

96 

19-75 

25-75 

24 

27 

24-5 

20 

141.00 

97 

49 

Si 

55-5 

55-5 

56 

58 

32500 

98 

49 

47-75 

56-5 

565 

55-5 

525 

3I7-75 

99 

54-5 

55-5 

60 

60 

60 

54-5 

344-5 

IOO 

49-5 

4975 

54-5 

545 

52 

54 

3'4-25 

101 

44-5 

425 

So          50 

43 

55 

285.00 

102 

46.5 

45 

52 

52 

46.5 

485 

290.50 

103 

51-75 

55-75 

53 

44-5 

5'-5 

46 

302.50 

IO4 

50.25 

54-75 

49 

47 

53 

57 

305  oo 

105 

46 

45 

445       43 

44-5 

48 

271.00 

1  06 

54-5 

50 

5'S 

49 

50.5 

47-5 

303.00 

107 

52-75 

41-25 

47           4i 

46 

45 

273.00 

1  08 

60 

49-5 

59-5 

55-5 

57-5        5* 

340.00 

log 

52 

54 

52          54-5 

48.5    '     56.5 

317  5° 

no 

42 

43 

40           345 

42 

445 

246.00 

III 

59 

55-5 

55 

48-5 

54 

53-5 

325-50 

"3 

56-25 

53-75 

51 

50 

53-5 

505 

315-00 

Sum 

967.00 

956.75 

I,OO2  00 

955  5o 

982.50 

985-50 

5-849  25 

i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


79 


TABLE  2—  Continued. 


1 

p 

Yield  of  ear  corn,  pounds, 
on  each  5/3  of  the  plat. 

Yield   of  ear 
corn  on 

"*> 

i-4Oth-acre 

fg, 

E" 

I 

2 

3 

plat. 

114 

58.5 

53-5 

52 

164 

"5 

56.5 

54-5 

52 

163 

116 

51-5 

52-5 

55 

X59 

117 

45-75 

41.25 

44 

131 

118 

63-5 

54-5 

58-5 

173-5 

119 

60 

54 

59-5 

173-5 

1  20 

46-5 

44 

44-5 

135 

121 

48 

43 

53 

144 

122 

52 

47-25 

50 

1.49.25 

123 

50-5 

45-5 

5°-5 

146.5 

124 

49 

41-5 

52 

142.5 

125 

57 

49 

60 

1  66 

126 

63-5 

47-25 

54 

164.75 

127 

5i-5 

48 

54 

153-5 

128 

60.5 

59 

63 

182.5 

I29 

50.75 

47-25 

55-5 

153-5 

130 

49-5 

43-5 

46 

139 

131 

37-25 

31-75 

33 

1  02 

I32 

48 

44-5 

485 

141 

133 

55-5 

4i 

55 

I5L5 

134 

45-5 

39-25 

5°-5 

I35-25 

135 

48.5 

44 

50 

142.5 

I36 

58 

53-75 

59-25 

171 

137 

53-25 

53-75 

54 

161 

138 

25 

27-5 

24-5 

77 

139 

5i 

46.25 

53 

150.25 

I4O 

40 

39-25 

41.25 

120.5 

141 

49-75 

44-5 

55-5 

149-75 

142 

34-75 

33-5 

37 

105.25 

143 

46.5 

46 

46-5 

139 

144 

39 

28 

3i 

98 

H5 

32 

36-25 

25-5 

93-75 

146 

54-5 

4«-5 

5i-5 

154-5 

147 

58-5 

52 

57-5 

1  68 

149 

58.75 

53-5 

50-75 

163 

151 

52 

54-75 

49-5 

156-25 

152 

23-75 

13-5 

16.75 

54 

'S3 

46 

40 

44-75 

130.75 

154 

39 

34-75 

40.25 

114 

'55 

4475 

4i 

47-75 

133-5 

156 

53-75 

54-25 

55  75 

I63-75 

X57 

42.75 

43-5 

46 

132.25 

158 

54-25 

54.25 

545 

163 

i59 

49 

47-75 

45-5 

142.25 

160 

5i-75 

5i 

47 

H9  75 

161 

49-25 

49-5 

42.25 

141 

162 

54 

5° 

47-5 

i5i-5 

163 

33-75 

33-5 

36 

103.25 

164 

50 

42.5 

52 

144.5 

165 

38.75 

36 

35-75 

1  10.5 

1  66 

26 

26.25 

24-5 

76.75 

Sum 

2.456  oo 

2,261.25  '2.413.50 

7-130.75 

BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


10       10  ONX   'i-OO   ro  N        vO  00  OO  00 

to  f>^C  X)  00   ro  r^  ON  ON  ON 

Loss  in  drying. 
g 

1-  «   £00    ONNJrOONXJOQ^COt- 

^  OO  OO  LO  O   LO  O   ^J"  CO  ^h 

_                        _           _    ri           - 

%          Total  air-dry  con- 

t>. ON  ON        ON             N  ro  t~~X>   ^OO  r~» 

i-trf-r^        N»-'ONI-'ON 

taining    ii    per 
a,             cent,  water. 

X)  X)  X   ONX;  X)  00    ONX)  X)  X)  t^X)  t-» 

X)  OO  O    ONX)  X)  X)   10  t^  ON 

o 

w  O^CM^OO  .oior^n-Nvo  ^ 

•*i-  1^  roX)        ^  ro  i-       X) 

"            Total  as  husked. 

ON  ON  O  O    ON  ON  ON  O    ON  ON  ON  t*>»  ONX) 

ON  ON  I^  ON  ONX!    ONX)   1^  O 

t^  ONOO   N  1^  ro  ONX)   N    ON  CO        CO 

«  \O  O    ONX)   «   N  NO  00    ON 

N   t^OO    ON  "   10  -3-  Tf  -**-X)    O  00   N   N 

N    ON  t^»  O    ^  ON  fO  10  ON  fO 

| 

»o       ^Q  t^»        *•*   ON  t^*  r*"5OO   •—  "   N   r^  *O 

ro-  I-ONN   ro-  xoN    ON 

pq                Good  ears. 

XJNNNOOO    —    ONNNrO'-'ON  — 

«\OO    T}-«   t--N   ur<l-« 

Pounds   when    husked   to 

^       ^vo«oO«r-X)N        ONXT- 

-  r^O  roo  N  00  ^-       ^n 

make  bushel  shelled  corn 

*-<   wiO   ro  ^O  O   N  r^»  N    ^  fO  ro  N   M* 

t^TJ--*h-X)     O^OVg     ONON 

when  dry. 

. 

Pounds  ear  corn  per  bushel 

»-o  ^^   O^  co  ^J"  i-o  ^^  co  wi  rO  ^o  O*^  *-O^O 

X)00   •*        ON  ON  ro  ui  TJ-  ro 

when  husked. 

^^  ^vg-S-^  RS-^cg  S  ig  £•£ 

!->.  t^O    l^>  ON  lOX)    CO  lOOO 

Percetage  of  water  in  shell- 

OOX) t^Tj-iomr^'-'   rh^J-N   Tf  >ox> 

t^»  t^.^O    ^  O    ^  ON  fONO  ^O 

ed  corn  when  husked. 

OOO^OX)ON^-N    ONOO   ONX)  r^  O^ 

HH  X)    O  ^O    "—  •  O    O  00    LO  PO 

p 
£ 

fcJO 

£ 

OJ 

:  s  0'  "-1      :  :  —  -g  —  ^-  :  ^  : 

=^5|  •S'S^JiS.gy 

j_J"   O     Ctf     Q^                   C  'O     ^     p    -*-•     >^  Q,     " 
O    )«  *^    P           nr^^-*Jf-^"^'™1*^ 

_;''_'•'         rt   ' 

c                     •            „£ 

si     r^  a,     ^j-     h~  '  o  ^ 

u     oi  u    5     E  ^  a 

•d 

•      '      '      '    §      

<s    •    •    • 

o 
u 

o 

.fl 
O 

.      .  >S         S     '     '•                u      •      . 

•«  :  :  8  §     c'H-F     §  §  •* 

•  ff        ^    ^  ^  73 

5    ED    j£<fc-<>J 

C~....-C      
II  V     ....  7^     

cj     •     •     • 

u 

rt 

~^--j^     

O         b      • 

O 
D 

3 

t.   ^  CL.       ^    «    ^»  o     •     *  •*-• 

Q     j^     C          —  ^  «     U     ^"     •       *  "£     c 

'^"    —    ^        O   ^  ^C   ^   ^     '   rt   S 

-5  |f  o  gJ_cf:u"cg-^55  = 
WJEJU^OxO  —  ai  —  <iS 

iiUfilfjJ 

No.  of  plat. 

-   N   ri  THOO   «-»    ON  0   -   M   ro  rt- 

u~iO    r-^X:    ON  O    -1    N   r^  T^- 

i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


81 


GO    CO  ON  "">  "•>  to  **    ^"  trj»O   »•  N    M  ^O    Tf-  ^00  00    ON         ONtoNOOr-rOt-^^t'         ON  CO  ON        to  ^-  l-^  N   t-^ 
*-H  "O   tr>  Tf  **    N  O  00    to  CO  ON  ty~i  ^  r*^vO    O   IS-  *i*  l^-  co  *•"    »-"    M  GO    ON  "-I    ON  •-<  OO    N   tr>  ^-  ON  r**»  ON  toco    ON  N    >-* 

u-i        r-*OO  OOOO   ^"  CO  Tf  «   —   N  OO  OC  OO   ro        roO   co  rf  ONOO  r^-O    ON  t-»O   **-»  N  QQ   «-•   to  t1^  *^  ON  rf  N   ^- 

N   t^.  \j~)\c>   *foO   OO   10  d   ro  -<  OO   N  GO   O  OO   6   r-^O   •<*•  r^-Ot 

O    ONOO   to  ON  t^»  M   I"*-  ONOO   t-^OO  ^O  GC    ON  ON  ON  ON  *-<    ONOO  OO   C 

)    O    ON  ON  "^    ("O  ^^  OO    ON  t^*  t^-*00    ON  *•*  OO  OC    t^-  ^^ 

M 

^-  tr>  ^-00      •  0    N    -   r-  irj  0        t^O   u^QO    ON  M    TJ-  uo  rj-  ^ 

J-  O^OO         \O    ^  OO    LO  ^*  M          *O          t^OO  OC    ON  CO 

\QfO^^cS    -oOLn^^1  t^-*OO  M  ro  O   O   <^   O  t~-*vO   ^O  C 

>    O    ^f""}ONn   t^*«    CO  rOOO  vO    W   ^O  N  OC    t*^  ro 

i-O^O  W   ^*          •  oO   ^"  fO  ^"O  rooo  •*  N  00   0)   "^t*  ^o  O^  O"^  *-o  ^ 

•OOOO    ON«   VOON^^-        rOHH^NvO^iO^ 

OO  00   t**»  ^  t*-*     '.   O  O  OO   LO*O   !>•  LOO   l^  C^»QO  \O    ON  r**-'O  t>»0< 

•o  r^st^*o  N  »-«iooo^oo*ooooo  t^^o  iooo 

vO          »-•  00    N    f~*OO  00    0s*  Ln  i-t    ^t"         ^"  >-*   "^         O^  COOO   ro  fO  * 

•  COOO    N    ro  rOOO   t^  rOOO    ^t       00    -^  N  vO  GO   (S 

^^.S^o  f^rl  t^  t^oo^r^o  t^vo  r^oo   CNt^cooooo  O   ONOC 

GO    «    ONON^J-Tj-rON   »-O  t^*  !**»  ON  O   l"^  ^J"  *"•   ^^ 

NH                  « 

^-         ON  r^*  r^*  *^    ^"^O   i-O^O  *i^i  O^*O    t^»  LO'O    **    O*^  *-O  rO  ON  ^ 

)00   ^O  i-O  rOOO   *-O  to  ON  ro  ro         C<    ^t1  O^  CO        ^* 

00   t^*  O    rOO  ^O   t^»  "^  t^»  ^^  wivO    ^"  *-O  O    ^^    ON  ON  O  OO    ^~  Cl    C 
\^  \^o    t-^,\o  VO  O  O  vO  O  *O  O  vO  *O  ^D   r^»  l~^\O  O   t^*«vO   t^*  t-*vj 

NOOOO   OOO  O  OvO  Ot^O  OOO  r^O  ro  *>  *> 

' 

»-i  OO   ^t"OO   10  L/")  O  •|-»   IJ^  t--*roONO   N   "-•   r^.rOLo  ONOO   "-*   fO^ 
O    O    MOO    O    ^    CN|    f)  O^  ^  ^T  O    rOO    "^COO'O    ONN   t^-i-t    j 

Nf^Lot^MOO        r~*.^ONTt-uo  LOVO   M   ^t-GO   ro 
TN  t*-..  ^~  t^*  co  C1)          O    I'—  ON  **    **    ON  CO  CN!    t^»  GO    ON 

M  M  M   ^  f4  00  N   Q    ONOC   10  r-»vO   t^*  N    O    O  ^O   "^  t**»  ^fOO    rO  M   LT>  Q    ro  LO\O    O^**    O    ONONfO'-'OO    r-^O    ON 
W««w«iM«W«WM«j*wttCOWN«.«eOWM«N««tt.«wfOjN«w««9 

;    •    •   ;J2    ;   .    ;    ;    .;.;;:   i   ;;  o  o   ;;';*;;';;:;* 



•        •                                '        .  HH        •       '        '        '     OJ        

-      L  :  :  •  :-r  :  -S     i  ::::.:*::::• 

c                                g—'S  c         .      ""!_;=     £ 
r  ^  I-H     ~"fl        cs         aj  —  i—  "     '     '     '     •     :   c 
•g  ••                     •       ^J        o  •—        e       «  >—  i          -r 

:       jv    s 
3      =:    -a    i—  i  s 

JO       !-<..._                c!      -tC 
;  :             .      .      .  -.               (o      ......    p  -3 

r     :  icn  i  M  ;   I  IIM*'  i  Nil  nil 

_g        c^d™       d       cS*-    J:       d----^           o    cs;- 

CJ        (XCwSu      ^      ^ZO    U      £..-<          S-    SCJ 

«                

i       M  ;  ;!;;'•  f-  !:!!:! 

•f  ,  ,  „    :  :  u  ::;:::::::::: 

^  «     -     «        -.3      

£     «            ::5T-5::-a::»|:::::u  6  ::.:::"  g  g                -SB 

B'uJ^S^  OS1^  "go^  «  ;  -  ;  ;  '"''S  "^  w  -   .  -   ,  (5  •§^                      W'g 

G          "*                               .         ^™*                                   <                                                C  '^                                                S                                  ^    C 

D1*,              HCiiS^H-^HcJ^Ot-*                  WSWH                  DU1^                      <JP 

;  ;  ;  •  ;  ;  i  :  •:  ;i  ;  ;^:  ;  :  ;  ;  i  ;  •:  '  ;  ;  •:  ;  i  ;  ;  :  ;  ;  ;  ;  ;s  ;  ;  ; 

•S--d      •£••• 

:     :  :  :a    «  :^    si     j  .^  :           .             :|  i     i  •?  ;.1^=  : 

•   •   •  -n     •—  i>  u  i»,     is          ••'-t..              .                 -d-       •  TJ   •  o  >a  •••  w   • 

.   >>  d   >        CX'H                  ?!iij          •  C^-fl  ^                    •                        s»»  Q«  >»       rt"Qd-3'sP., 
^rtTSrt               O^*^               >          cS(JO'r'                       •                          *^^   ^*^         tjX)^3 
<a        d^A1*"        ^•''^'5        4»O         >-  J3   fi   e    .         CJ3         •                        3ii5             r-i^O       •—   HJ 
•*-•        1*4   X  &.  M   IA  7   Ct  "S   IS         5  M     •  O  ^  ••   3  Q         e            '                           d,Gd         ii'J=O>U'—  •J3*J 

'?       i  4  °^-   -S1—  rtS.b'5a.co!-'riJ2N      .5        .                   nj*j4JO."roNdcnn:>'P 
-ruo^^'C^S-c                 S-5  —  ^WpQ-'S-^tjot/)              ^-  —  kts-Qd_SS«4)'>CtT'"'. 
&_cONrt-i,j5i>3j«p-|^«^.S^u^h7]       s.cc       >,^ci0cu'>&''>--c^-;"? 

-._    £  ^_    O  -T'.'7-'    f    v  'O    3    V"5    fcJO-"1    Ucj<!oSji'§o££         JS  ^%'C  T3    ^  "O  ti    O  "o  Tfl"**  -^       ""  "i- 
3u'.Cd'j;odrJ(Uo£o--So5:5j'i3--  •-  "o  "u   u  O.S2   5--.^'o   3*C^-ShP'S   =<  d   O   g   3 

pq_I^QsiOQ!^feMc^^;^Ejc^ai»aio>'>-)JfeHWSo  OO  >  O  >  N  04  W  O  ai  05 

BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_February, 


I    N   Tf        l^  M  00   v/i  O-OO         rO  ro  r-.  ONO    ON  M  ON  coco 

Loss  in  drying.     !  ^j-o  M  ro  M  N  ro  d  -^  N  t^-o  ON  M  ^j-  ON  N  NO  t~--  TJ-O  iA 

°  |        M     M     M     M_  N     M     M     M     M     M     CO  N     N     N  MM 

Total  air-dry  con-  oo  oo  o  N  oo  vi\o  «  «  ^o  N  't-  r^o  o  w>  u->  M  ro  ON  ON 
taining  II  per  ^•firo^t-o  ^i- M  uitoN  o  ONt^i/^d  ^o  fi  L*-!  ^Aoo  o  —  o 
cent,  water. 

fl 

^  Total  as  husked.       Q  N  •* i-- «  t~» vno  t^.<f  t- ^o  t-K>roiot^-o  ooo  N  •*- 

Nubbins.  r>»  ri-vo  t--*  N  o  LOOO  M  M  MO  doo  CONGO  ONOO  ^j- N  o  oo 

N    ^OO    t^*  N  OO    N  CO    N    if)  LO  ro  N          ^"iO    ON  ON  N 

MGood  eai'S.  M  00  CO   O    ON  t---  ON  1-^,0   COO    ON  m  ON  M   M  r-^oo   ro  >-<  CO  t--.  ro  O 

OO    ONO    ON  10  ON  CNO  O  O  00  OO    ONOC  O    M    O    ON 

J ^_^__ 

Pounds     when     hnsked     to  |    x^x,   o^fq  i^roONO  N  ir>  r-,       -^M  roiO  ro  •*  r^  r^  t^O  00 

make  bushel  shelled  corn     N  N  ro  CNt^oo  o  oo  -  d  ••  t^-  >--i  -  N  roo  'i-d-cod'A'J-<r 

ONCO  CO    t^>  ON  t^>  l^OO    O^O    MCO    M    ONt-^t^.  t^  t^OO  CO    l^CO    t^«OO  OO 

when  dry.  «  M       M 

Pounds  ear  corn  per  bushel       .  *?  .    .  "".  °°. "°.  "1"  °^ 
when  husked  N  o  coo  i^ooo  t--.ro  ,  --     -„, 

Percentage  of  water  in         tl  ONO  ro^t^o* 
shelled  corn  when  husked.      ^  N 

.«  bio 

R 

^  ^    ^  I       5  §=  g |       '' 

^        -^     O  .  ^     5     sfi 

I-) 

s  •  « 

a 
8 
s     ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;• 

~3    '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
o         

p  !/)    CLi  qj  o  4J  4J  ^) 

O  t~  O    ^  f~\  *      '•"  ^M  r~t  "     "      (fi 

s  x  0       ad  S  w       5 

•  u 

•  'j: 

"£  "o 

S  a 

;  j; 

>%         :  > 

o 

"  E 
,rt  •         c 

Z  T-, 

JJ 

15 

No     nf  nlnt  u~>'-3   '"--^    C^  O   —   N   ro  -t  I^X)   O   M   M   ro  •*  iriO   r^-CO    ON  O   fO  •* 

.10.   UI    JJiai.  COOOO   t^t--.r^t^  t^t-^  I^CO  COOOOOOOCOOOOOCOCO    ONONO\ 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  83 

OO  >-«  ^- r-.  N  'too   ONi~*m         -NO   ON  i-»oc  *3- •*  <X  (--'to  mo   ON  r-»  in  «  m       «  r^oo  00  «  OO  't  ON 


ro  •*  i-    ON  TJ-  ON    i  OO    «    N    « 


>-    N  OO    r-  ON  ON 


N  >-c        mO        >-<  >i  oo  t^  ON   ;  m  m  N  m  N  N  m 
»OO  O  O  O   l^  t^  t^O  OO  O   t-~     -Or--.  t^OO  OO   t~-OO  < 


COOO  OO 


ON       O  OO   •*  •*•  'too         ON  c  O  ro  ON  ON  ONOO 


OOvONOO 


ONCON   "-i         ON  l-»  moo 

N    ONO      -N         ONO^^Nin       rt  CO       N  N  t^  rtO   t  ON  N  O  M  ro  r^  vn  ON 

I-^OO    ON  ro  «  t~»  «   ro  O 

00  r^  O   O   ON  t^oO  OO  00 

roO^j-    .  xnTt-Tj-CN1-  "tf-OO  N  *-•  t^rOfO'-'OO   ONf^ro^N   OM^Lor^OO  *^ 
l^OO    ON    •  t^CO  CX5   r^OO  OC  OO  CO   O  GO   t^GO  OO   *H    ON  Ov!>0  OOOO   «    ONt^Ot^r^t^ON 

^•oo       inoo  in  d  'to 

t/~jvO  OO        OO   >^  f)  t^«  t^»  t-O  CO       *-O  rO  M  *-O  ^~  to  w")  ^NVO   W    O^OO   T^  c^l  t^»  10  ON  ^^O 

ro  O    ON  •*  rOOO    ON  ONOO 

to  M    TJ-  O  O   CO  N    ONOO    ONGO   (OO    ON  t^»  O    ON  t^»  ^i"O   O   M   **   tOOO  OO   TJ"  t^-  ^J~1O   ^ 

t^  t^  t-^OO  »^O  O  O  O 

vo  t^.  t^  r^vo  r^  t^o  vo  vo  vo  t^  i^vo  ^o  r^^o  MD  r^  t^  *%.  r^  r^  t^.  t^vo  r^^o  vo  ^o  t^. 

£•$££8^^ 

*O   ro  t^    •   ^OO  OO  ^O    ON  t^  rj*  N  ro  i^iOO  10  to  t--  ON^  ro  w   "^  ON  fO  ^o  d    ON  O   N   N 

:—::::.:: 

O  GO    ON     •    O    CM    ^  N    ^vO    CO  ^  tO  ^t"  c4    ^  ***i\C>    N^^fO^^ON^O^GONt-* 

Havana,  1 
Chanipaig 
ockman  

I] 

1 

t;-OO    ON  O    -;   r)   ro  T)-  mo   t^-OO    ON  O   >-"   ro  •*•  mo  00    ON  O   «   N  ro  Tf  uio  t^.00   ON  N  ro  **•  m^O  r^OO    ON  O 
ON  ON  ON  O    O   O   O   O    O   O   O   O   O   «   «   >-   «    «   —   "   >~   "i   '1    "1    "i   "1   M   ">   ">   "I   **  ~1  fO  ~1  'O  'O  'O  'O  'O  -T 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_Febr  uaryt 


PQ 


O         OM^COiOTj-r^NOi-ii-iTj-Tt-CN         OSC    Tj-OC    •* 

Loss  in  drying. 

NOOOr^-roCNNi-idroi~--dt----«    O  O    'J'OC    d   rO 

Total  air-dry  con- 

t~~« ^*00    t"-»  t^»  T^-00    O-  i™1    01    Tt"  Tj-OO    i-*    to         fOO           ^"  04 

taining    it    per 
cent,  water. 

roON'<tf!"-ii/->Lr>r-^O   1-1   T»-  T(-  "J-OO  CO   'J-O  co  io^O   N 
•^•^O  10  t^  \j~>  in  -H  ir>  10  irivO  ^O  OO  (--O  r^  t^  r^-  LO  'd-  't 

vO^-^rf        OsN^rooO^^N^M         N^-rt^vO 

Total  as  husked. 

\O    CN  >-•   O   rOC/5   t-O  O   —   »-«   t^-  +*   wi  u-i  O   ''O  t^-OO   r^  lA  ir% 
t^  t^*GO   CMX  r^.  M  t^vo  r^oc  r^  ^X)  cc  oo  CO  u^  r^  u->  Tf 

C^    rf  H^   fs|   ^^    Tf  Tf  ^H  00   ro'vO   t"-*  N   ^H    O^O  CC   N   ^*  CC  *O 

Nubbins. 

CC  GO  O  Tf  c^  O   Tf  cooO  r^»  t~^*  co  |-'fc>cc   O  r^*  N*  rocc   C^CC 

*       vO   «    OsuWO^^to'OOO         ^^^^-Nro^- 

Good  ears. 

OO  •«  >-iO  QOC   OJ^cs   'l-OM-.O  r-^CMOi/M/iu-it^r^ 
LO  "TO  OO  ION   rO^J-^-LO  LTIO  O  irju->ir>Tj-ir>rON 

when    husked    to 

i-iw.r-^wH-OOv^)'^-        rOiO   NOCOOl^^-     't--NC)^» 

Dushel  shelled  corn 
iry. 

I>-dN>-it-;-Nddi-«TJ--«NON    r-^O      •    -3-  is~>  iri  ft 
rose   -i    OM-iiroONOOOOOr^  t^OQ  l>»    •    ON  O    OM^ 

ear  corn  per  bushel 

N        0   COO   NOO-TfTl-O        ir>LOt-.        10  t^oo   N   r^ 

ausked. 

00   O  "">  ^OO    CM-I    Tf  rj-  TJ-  TJ-  ^-CiO  O   ^fCXO    O\  O  CC  r>.  t->- 
t^  t^  r^  t^  t-»  t^oo  t^»  t~~.  t~-  r^  r^o  O  t->.o  O  t~-  t-»  r^o 

itage  of  water  in 

t^.  ~   N    CN  fOO   roO  O  OO  O    O^3O  O  OO  wi  1-1   rOOO   ro  1-1 

corn  when  husked. 

?^-o  j,^  ^s?8S:a8aRR^ 

C 
£ 

0 
til 

£5     —     .     .     .     . 

<u 
u 

=    c    .    .    .    . 

X 

rt     .     .     .          .     .         .     .                   .     .  rt     .     .     .     . 

OH                                                                                                                         '     O,      ' 

^ 

£    S    •    •    •    • 

-c   ';';;::::::'''  -e  •  •  • 

•o 
o 

u 

S       s:                                                             « 
5      S                                                          w 

I      *                                                          ? 

I 

o 

* 

>s      ""s                                                            "y 
s  S  5                                                    S  s 

p 

~                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   '~               r. 

•sT   QJ     C"                                                                                                 QJ    «s» 

:::.:  :^-   :::::::::•:::: 

£ 

......   0      > 

::•:::  s  :::  :T:  ::::::::  o 

rt 

::  :  :  :>g  :  :^-  :&  :::::::     * 

u 

S 

d 

"Jo.  of  plat. 

5.  5^.  !j  ^^^^5;^^  Jo^>5;5  o  o  o  o  o  'o 

1889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


8  _ 

°£>  *> 

Average 
ears. 

"i    Th  ON  CM    •"    in  Tj-vO    N    Tf  CO  't  t~-  CO  P)    ON  l~-  •->    CO  ON  t^  P)    CO  't  m  N    Tj-  N    «• 
r-»  ON  moo  mvo  r^r^r-.r^OvOvOvOOO  »~-.r-.i->  O  mvo  OOO   •q-  vo  vo  vc   't  •sf 

Nubbins. 

VO    CO  ON  m  Tf  —    ON  mOO    N    ONVO    O    TtOO    OOO    >-   I^OOO    O    CO'Ot^N    COON-* 
covO  comco^J-T}-Tj-coininco-<J-cocOin  Tt-vO  in  co  co  m  m  P)  ro  co  ^t  »«  N 

Good  ears. 

^-  O  mvo  O  t^  O  m  N  moo  r~-  N  covp  ONVO  •*  N  N  m  r-»  moo  —  oo  O  ^  O 

00    ••*  vO    ONVO   t~*  ONOO    ONOO    CO  t-*OO    t^  O    ON  ON  N    CO  t^  t~-*  **    ON  in  t^vo    t^  in  in 

Number  of  ears  per  acre. 

Total. 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO     •        O  in    •  O  in  O   O   O  O  in  *n 

OO~  ON  O"  f^  O'   i-    O    O  OO~  O'vo"  i-    N"  o'vO    tC     •          rC  pf     •  00~  ON  -<    M~  N*  pf  O~  CO 

Nubbins. 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO     •        Om'OminOOO  m  in 

N  CON   N  COCOCON  COCOCOCO^^-N  co    •         N   ^    .  M  N  4  N   ~  N   CO  «• 

Good  ears. 

OOOQOOQOQOOOOQOO     •        OO     •   O   O  to  O   O   O   O  O 
^  C4  vO  CO   0  vO   O   ^  O   N  vo   O   N  OO  O   N      *         ON  O      "  to  to  to  co  O  to  vN   ** 
*-OOO  OO    ONVO  00   co  O   ^"  rO^O  OO   W   ^"  *O^O      "         *^i  *^      "  I"*-*  t*^-  ^^  i-OOO    ^~  O    O^» 

vo  mt^^-vo  r-vooo  mt^cot^oovo  ^  TJ-             TJ-OO     •  vo  vo  t-  O  O   ON^OO 

No.  of  plat. 

IO^*  O   ^^   W   to  ^"  *-O^O  t^»OO    O^  O   ^^   N   rO  *<J"  *^">VO  r**OO    O^  O   ^   N   ^O  ^"  *-OO   t^* 

vO 

8 

HH          . 

lit 

"v  v 

Average 
ears. 

o                   i        A                                        O          « 

u^vO  *O  t->*^'CO^'^l'^'i^»t>»  t^QO  OO  *O    ^00   t^«  t->«'O   10  I>*OO  OO    ^OC   i/^\O  *O 

Nubbins. 

•  u^OO   N   co  **  co  t^*  ^t"  ^O  ts*-'-'OO   ^O'OGO    C^O   O   M  ^o  O   *"-»  N  vC  *O   CJ   N 

Good  ears. 

•   N   fi  t-*  O   ^  N   t^»  *•*  CO  OO    0s*  ON  N   ^~  O^  t^*  t^>  O  1""*  N   t~^»  W    O*^  ^^   ri  ^"  t^»  *O 

•   t^^O  00  ^O    "T"  "^  ^J"  ^OOO  OO    t""»OO    ON  t^*  O    ONOO  OO   t-»\O  GO    0^00    LTJ  ONO  ^O  vO 

Number  of  ears  per  acre. 

Total. 

. 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOQV'^QOOOO 
N    ^*  N    O  OO    ^OO    ^"  ^  N    O    ^"  O  ^O    ^"*O    d    C^    ^~  ^"OO    O^  0    ON  O  H>C    ^    Q  ^^ 
O   l^-OO   **  ^O   W  CO   l^vO    ^~  ^"  *-f~*  *-O  N    ON'O    ON  O  OO  ^*>  ^^    ONOO   rOOO   Lr>^0   O    O 

OOOOOOON^O^    ONOO    ONt^OOOOt^O    ONONN    ONO   O   OOOOC    ONO 

Nubbins. 

OQQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  >^  v^  O  "">  C   O  Q   Q 
C*l  VO  "O    ^  C4    ^"  C1^    ^  W    *^  *^~  N    O    O  OO    ^"  "^"^V    O    N    C<  OO    *-*">  C4    »-O  N    01    O  'O 
OO   N   Tj*  ^*  CO  tO  "^  ONOO   W   O   W   ^^   fO  N   O  *O   O   ^"  *-O  ^j"  *^"  t^»^O   t^»  C$   uSoO   r^* 

N«NM^NNNNfONNNr0NNNcO«NCO  ^«NN»N 

Good  ears. 

QOQOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi'N»J^tr>u^OOOO 
OOO'OvO^O    5^5    O    NOOO    N    O^D^O    NOO^O    TfMvC    O    ^t^.'d-O    O    O    N 
N   ^~  rO*O   ro  ON  COOO  CO   *^   tO  to  ^J~  ONVO  "O   N    ON  TT  O  t"**  ^O  O   t*-*  O   to  rO  N   t"O 

t->.  O^^O  \O  *O    ON  ON  t^»00  "O  *O   t^*  tovO  *O    ^J*  w^*O   t^*  t^*OO  00    ONOO    ONVO  vO   t*-  t-» 

No.  of  plat. 

O    *"•    N    CO  ^  lO'O    t^*OO    ON  O    M    N    r/^  5  "^^    t^*00    ON  O    M    N    CO  ^J"  LDVO   t^OO 

o 

M§ 

'5  <u 

Average 
ears. 

10  t^»  ONvO  vO   t^*vO  *O  xo  vovO  *^">  u^  LOVO  \O  ^O  iO^O  lOVO   t^*  »^>vO  vO  t^*vO   COO 

Nubbins. 

ON  ON  O   t~-»  O   O  CO  r^vO    ON  if)  ON  t**  O  *O   rO  ^~vO    ^"vO   ^^   to  ^**«  t^*  W  vO    O  ^"1  t^» 

Good  ears. 

W  CO   CO  ^-"O   to  to  O  VO    ONCO    ONOO   O    ONOO   to  ON  ON  LO\O    ^"00   f  O  ON  r->.  «   CO  "S 
vO   t*^»  O   ^*  t*"»OO   t*^*  r^vO  O  ~O  *-O  tovO  vO  vO  t^»  lOvO   ^O  t^*OO  *-O  t**»vO   I"**  t**»  ^  t^^ 

Number  of  ears  per  acre. 

Total. 

vO    O  OO   O    O   O    ^vO    ^OOOOOOCvOvOOOONCOOOOO    OOO 
t^»vo   *^~  t*J  O  OO  00   CO  W    *^j-  ^i~  *rf"  T^~  O   C*l  >^>  *-*    ci  v£j  i^*»  t^.^0   t^*  O  vO  VD    ^""O   W 
CO  ''OOO  vO   to  O   *O  ON  t*l   "^~vO   ^"  N   O   f-^vO   N  vo  ^*   CO  O    l*">  *-O  O   ^   to  to  ro  "^i" 

**    ON  1^**  ON  ON  O   O    ON  O   O    ON  O   N    ON  ON  O    ON  «   «   HH    Q\  t^,  ^  Q    I-N    QX  QN  ON  ON 

Nubbins. 

OO  O   N   N  vO   O   ^"O   OOOO^-QvOOOQO\ONQvOOOOOOC    O 
OO   t^.cOON"^00    ^CO*-1   ^"OO   ^  O   Q    ONONQ   OvO  to  t/^vO   toO   vN    TfOO    Tf  N 
CO    tOW    "^OOO    t^t^*cONOO    N    »-«OO    O    OvOvO    ON^ON«    ^>-"    t/->  Q    to  COOO 

tON    N    N    (S    N    CON    COCOM    tO^~^    COCOfOtOCOtON    M    COtOM    N    N    iN    N 

Good  ears. 

00    ^"^O  OO   ^  O    O    O    N   O  00   O  vO   O    ^*  ONVO   OOOOOOOOOOOO 

l^«vO   ^  r^*  t**»  t^*vO  t>*\Q  t-»vO  t^*oo  t'-^vo  r^*  to  t^*  t^*«  t^»\O  u}\Q  vo  OO  l^»  O  t^»vO 

No.  of  plat. 

«    N    CO  -d-  tovO   t^-00    ON  O    «    N    to  **•  ioO    r-*OO    ON  O    ^    M    CO  ^  ^ovC    t^OC    ON 

86 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


8 

"o^ 
-5  sf 

Mrt 
'S    « 

Average 
ears. 

*"   N  r^O  "-"  t-^  O  OO  NO  O  roO  >-i  r<i  t--  m  ^  "   t*i  *t  *•  i~»  ON 
1-.  to  t^oo  NO  to  r^NO  r^.  T)-  to  to>O  to~7  to  to  to  to  •rl-  o   TJ-N 

Nubbins. 

ONCO   ro  ro  •r)-OO  00  O   -<tO  O   t-^O  00  "TO  O    ONOO  N   O   •*  N 
^•rou^rJ-rJ-rOT;h^)'^rrO<~OrO'^"N   ^-roromrorO^rON 

Good  ears. 

N    Tj-CM^-N    i-«  \O    N    N    O    f^  *J-  ro  to  ON  «    f^.  >i  00    O    to  O    ON 
00  O  OO    ON  r-»  r^OO  OO    ONNU  NO  NO   r^O  NO  NO  NO  NO  NO   to  l~»NO   CO 

Numlier  of  ears  per  acre. 

Total. 

•o    •    -OOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOO 

•  N£      '      'OOOOOCNl'd-'^-'tMONO-'d-NOOOONONp    •*?<•*)• 
'  to    *     '   ONtOTf^ONfOfOco  too  co  ON  ON  to  t^  O   O^^t"  t~^ 

•  d       •  o\  «  c>  c^  cf  i-  oo"  o  o  c£  -  o"  o"  i-  «  cfoo"  o>  d" 

Nubbins. 

•O     •     -OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ 
•  vO      '      '    O  \G    O    N    N    Tj-  ^->O    N^O    rj-N^OOO    MOO    1-  •TfvO 
•~     '     •\ooOOM^-OOOOO'^-^OOro^}-'J^N"-ocii^ir^O 

•  LO    •        rO'fror^-<\O^fO^nTfrOLnr'i^5'  i^>O  ff  ro  ^-^3. 

Good  ears. 

•o    •    •ooooooooooooooooooo 

"O      •     ''ONOOOMOO^O'^OOOMO    T)-OO   O  00  OO 
'    ^     •      '    f")  t^-*  LO  l^»  ON  M~)  LOOO    ON  0    0    "~1  ^  fOO    ••    ^"vO  ^ 

•  LO    .      •  ^O  ^O  u~>  »J^  *-»   ^}~  TJ-  rf  vo\O  O  t^vO  ^O  i-O^O  LO  ^"  ^j" 

No.  of  plat. 

N   ro  ^f  "^^O  1^  O  •"   N   ro  rf  m\D  t^X   ON  O   "   N   ro  ^  m\O 
Tj"  ^J~  Ty  rj-  T}~  ^"  Tj*  LO  u~>  to  LO  10  LO  IO  ^O  IOO  ^O  ^  ^O  *O  *O  ^O 

8 

M     . 

%'! 

M  « 

'S  <u 

^ 

Average 
*   ears. 

(7\00    «    «vO    ^}-N    «    TfCM—vO    'J'O    N    ir»t~-,LriO\«-i    IOCX)  OO    ON  r 
w~>  LOO  ^O  t^  ^o  ioO  "^  LO  t^.  10^  ^O  O  to^O  LO  Tj-^o  ^o  w  iovO  NO 

Nubbins. 

OOO   •^r^">Lor^.M'ONO  (^)Tt-N  O  tot^  rooo  OO  M  O  O  ro  N  ro 
rorOrorO'J-ron\t-rO'^-^-^-<^-Tj-rorO1^-rOro^''^'CN)   ""t"  ^"  ^j 

Good  ears. 

lOTf-u-iO   O  tnO   ONr^ioMOO  r^«   •^•^i—  loiot^.—  \ooo  O  *O 
t^-O  NO   t^  ONNO  vONONONOOONO  l~~t^  t~-NO  OO  NO   IONO  O   r^NO  OO  t-» 

Number  of  ears  per  acre. 

Total. 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOO     -QOOOOOQOOO 
N  NO    O    N    O  0    xj-.tN)  NO    Tj-00    •*  ThOO      '    O  0    N  00  NO    N  00    ^OO    N 

CN)lOI-lONONONrO'*ONt^.-"'^-Ot^       |ONTj-""NOOlOCN|00     t^-OO 

"O-ONOOM-iONONOONOi-iOs     •    ONOO    ON  -    O    «    1-1    ONNO  OO 

Nubbins. 

ooooooocoooooo    -oooooooooo 

OOOONOP)NOOC    Tj-NO    Tj-  Tj-OO      •    O  00  OO  OO  NO    rJ-OO    O  NO    O 
OO  N  vox)  i-Hi-cOO  —   N^mONT}-    "O'-i'^'Or^NtNiNOOOrO 

^-CNi'-iNNrO'l-rOrorOCNiiONtc    •rOfO<~O^Nr^torOi-iro 

Good  ears. 

OQQOrOOOQOOQOO     -OOOOOOOOOO 
NiOQOOrJ-ntNiOOONOOO      •OOOrJ-OOOOO'^tNiN 
'd-NNOi-HOOOOro'^r^"T^>-''-''^    •ONNNOtNi'-NOCNiONto 

NO  OC     ONOO    ^NO    I^O  NO    t^NO    UOX)  O       -NO    IO  IO  r--OO  OO  NO  NO    Tj-  10 

No.  of  plat. 

lOO  00    ON  O    «    N    rO  'J-  IONO    t^OO    O>  "I    N    rO  rh  IONO    r^OO    ON  O    •* 
i-c«»-i-<(viNNMfN)CN)tNlCNiCNiCN)roro<^>rororOfOfOrO'4'^' 

8 

ol 

£  if 
MS 
D  *> 

£ 

Average 
ears. 

•-  NO    O    t>.  ^NO  NO    1000  00  NO  NO    r<)NO    N    t^O    OOO    t^ioO    "1  ONOO 
^t*  ^-  T^-^  NO  NO    t-^.  ON  IO  IONO    to  t^>  toO    >-O  to  toO  O  NO    tONO    to  to 

Nubbins. 

NO   Tf  O   N  to  toOO   O    'tONONM  tor^f^ro  moO  NO   rf  •*•  O   O  NO   ro 
N   CN)   M    •^•r^'J-Tj-O   rororr)rO'*rorO'^-'^-rO't'<t^-fO'^-I<l-tNt 

Good  ears. 

N.  NO  t^  >->  NO   t^  ONOO    ONro—   O   rn  toOO  f>NO  to  ro  ro  TfOO   •'too   ro 
toto-^-oo  t-~  r^oo  O  NO  r^oo  t^oo  NO  NO  NO  to*o  r^.  i^»  t^  to  I^NO  t^ 

Number  of  ears  per  acre. 

Total. 

O  to  to-OO     •     -OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
«  ro  to    •  O  O     '     •  OO  r~»  t~~-oo   N  o  NNOOOOO   ONO   N  (s   'to 
ON  ON  to     •  NO  NO      '      •    O  OO   to  OOO    COOO  O    to  •-*  NO  NO    O    rO  t^  ^i" 

OOON      .ONON-      .OONONO^-ONOOOOOOONONOOQi-H 

Nubbins. 

to  to  to    -OO     •     -OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
•^••^•O      'NO      '      "NONOOOOOOOrf-  »4-00    C)    N    N    N    N    M-OO  O 
O  O   i-i      |  OO   O      |      |    O   N   rONO    ON  —    O   tONO   too    ONOO  OO  NO    O   t~O 

rororo    •   N  fO    •         CO'^-rorO'-if^NrOTj-Ni-ii-iMNNTj-fO 

Good  ears. 

toOO     -OO     •     -OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
OOMO'OOO      '      •NOO'^-N-^MOOMO't'^-VOTJ-OOONO'i- 
N  M   ^-    ]  r-~o     '     lOtoNTfO^NroOO  tONO  OO   N  O  O  O 

to  r^.  ON    •  O  O      •      •   t*-  tONO  O   toO  00   t^O  OO  NO   t^NO   t^-  t--NO  OO 

No.  of  plat. 

OO    ON  O   N   ro  •<*•  too  r-^OO    O^  O   —   M   rf)  Tj-  IONO  t^OO    O>  O   i-  ro  rj- 

OOOO      ONONOlONONONONONONOOOOOOOOOO'--!!-''-'!-' 

i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


87 


£         Loss    in 

CO   ON  t  N  t~-  to  "-<  r~~  ON*O  O   O   t*")  fO  N  O 

It         OONOOONroO 

8           drying. 

«   N   N   N   mr*>N   NN«NN«C»NP) 

|N            N   N  .-"  t>-  N   ro  ro 

•o    . 

t^-OO    N    «"   t--  to  to  tOO    tOO  VO  OO   to  N    O 

•  N           O  N  N   ONW  «  r-» 

~  Z     Air-dry. 

fi  ^ 

01  i-. 

i^to—    ON  i—   OOO   N  \o   roO   i—   i—  *O   t  O 

.to          O«ddoddio 
.N              CONNrONfON 

£   0. 

When 

.or^O  rotOvO-t^OOOvO-ootO 

«vO           OOtOONM^^ 

g         husked. 
PQ 

CJNOO'  ro  i-t  to  t  O  to  ON  to  pi   ro  rood  ^O   ci 

O   ^^*           N   ro  N  1^*  O   f^OO 
mN           rONNrororoN 

Pounds,    when 

t  to  NOON    tNOOOrO"~'^'>-iNOO>-! 

•O           OOOOONfONtoto 

hus'd,  tomake 

>-  00   troro-00  tOt^-O   ro«   N   «    tro 

.  t-^         ro  t  O  ri  too  w 

bu.  when  dry. 

Pounds  ear  corn 

vOvOvO-OOOOto-vOtroOcoto 

N   ro          tooO   rn  roOO  00   ON 

per    bushel 

I"-*  O   *-OOO    HN   co  M    O    ON  l^OO   t^»  ON  t**-*  O  OO 

OO   O            t~-O   t  ONOO   O   « 

when  husked. 

Percentage    of 
water  in  shell- 

t^* •••«  00   t~^»  t^fc'O   CO  N    0s*  LO  ON  NH   t"»  O    ^^   t^* 

*-O  O    O   W  OO    O   ••«    ON^O   O   CO  ro  ^^  N   fO^O 

.   1-1           »o  ^O  to  N    ON  >^  t-t 
•^O            cocoNcOtt-^1^ 

ed  corn  when 

*O   O   O   t^*  f*O  O  f^*  i^"»  ON  ^•O'O  ^O   Th^O  O  'O 

.  OO           OO    ONCO  t---  r^  ON  O 

husked. 

Percentage    of 
barren  stalks. 

^"  r^»  N   O   ro  rO  ^  ^^   ^^   *-OOO   N   O   LO  ^^    ON 
ro  ^~  ^t  rO\O    ro  ro  ro  ro  N   ro  rj-  ro  C4   c  O  CO 

«^           -OtNtONO 
tfO            rOttNNNm 

Percentage  of  a 
full    stand,    4 
kernels  pr  hill. 

00    ONOO  OO  OO  00  CO  OO    t^CO  OO  OO    ON  t^  t^  t^ 

OO  OO            to  t  ro  ON  t^O   t 

d 

*••••.      

p 

bio 

U 

b 
V 

'  fe   •  S  «   •   "  •£  PC  »5     S 

JS      3  '  '     |j^ 

ll   fsss|^ 

v  S         £           es"  a  o  «: 

tn   d            rt               ">   5  C/l   C 

O    *~|                r^                   rt  ^    ^  ^ 

TJ 

...'..'.. 

'v 

0 

<u 

0 

e 

!        Sl!lt= 

:s      e        :J     J 

.    j-J               -5                 T3    t.            3 

•  iS           iS               S    rt  J3    ^ 

J'g      ^""So1^^ 

•    l>            <y 

K>      .£:        cJ-J^'-1' 
ffiD      D        fc«3iS^ 

T3  ^     

u 

'C 

> 

|*    •    1         :  "1         :  :               d 
1    :    "3        iN         :1J              1 

tt       .        >             -0^3   K   .          .  8                          V 

«  e  •  J!          g_     c  -S  S 

C    <U      V                   °"         ...    _    3 

0 
V 

1 
fc 

^     C         >-              ;:   C.33          •   <u  "2                          B 
"is    O  ^  C          —  %  ^        ^-r>S                     *• 

•^  ^  -S  •-     S*w^-2tgfl  >^        §3     •§ 

T3  ^     B               .-^        ^   Z   S 

If  -  5  .5  0  *    ^|^ 

"u^  ^  -"'1  s"^  e"^! 

cu-^  S    dsrf;crt"o 
tfS         s^-c.S-cSo 
J  c«        MSsOJ^JcfiO 

No.  of  plat. 

•"    N   ro  t  toxO   «~-.OO    ON  O   «•"   N   ro  t  to>O 

I>*OO             ON  O    '^   ^   ^1  ^J"  L/^ 

88 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


Experiment  No.  2.     Cotn,  Test  of  Varieties  for  Ensilage. 

The  land  used  in  this  experiment  was  in  two  tracts  (a)  and  (^).  Tract 
(a),  plats  i,  2,  and  3,  had  been  in  clover  two  years.  Prior  to  May  istr 
it  was  plowed  four  inches  deep;  May  i6th  and  lyth,  it  was  disked  twice 
and  harrowed  once.  On  the  latter  date  it  was  planted  in  rows  22  rods 
long  and  3  feet  8  inches  apart  with  an  ordinary  corn-planter,  one  to 
three  kernels  being  planted  every  9  inches,  or  at  the  rate  of  about  14 
pounds  of  seed  per  acre,  as  follows: 

Plat  i,  36  rows,  with  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  from  B.  &  W.r 
Little  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Plat  2,  3  rows,  with  Breck's  Boston  Market,  from  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture. 

Plat  3,  26  rows,  with  Burr's  white,  from  the  University  farm. 

Tract  (£),  plats  4-11,  was  a  piece  of  rather  fertile  land  of  irregular 
shape  and  quality,  which  had  been  under  cultivation  several  years.  The 
land  was  fall-plowed.  Otherwise  the  preparation  of  the  seed-bed  was 
similar  to  that  of  tract  (<z). 

May  24th,  plats  4  to  8  were  planted  by  hand  in  rows  3  feet  8  inches 
apart  to  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn;  and  June  i5th  and  i6th  plats 
9  to  ii  were  planted  to  Burr's  white,  as  follows:  * 

TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  AND  SIZE  OF  PLATS;  DATE  OF  PLANTING;  KERNELS  PER 
HILL;  AND  INCHES  BETWEEN  HILLS. 


Plat. 

Rows. 

Length 
rows, 
rods. 

Name  of  variety. 

Date  of 
planting. 

TT         ,          Inches 
£?"«&       apart  of 
to  a  hllL         hills. 

4 
6 
8 

Q 

4 
3 
3 
3 

2 
4 

30-25 
29-25 
27-5 
25-5 
25.0 
70.21; 

Burrill  &  Whitman  
<t 
i< 

« 
Burr's  white 

May  24th.  .  .  . 
« 

u' 
<> 

June  I5~i6th. 

i                 3 
i                  6 

I                       12 
2                      12 
2                       24 
I                          6 

IO 

3 

7.O.2<; 

it 

ii 

I                     12 

II 

7 

30.21; 

(i 

« 

2                      12 

TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  PLAT;  NAME  OF  VARIETY;  DATE  OF  PLANTING;  Xi  M- 
BER  OF  STALKS,  AND  TONS  OF  FODDER  PER  ACRE. 


Plat. 


Name  of  variety. 


Date  of 

planting. 


No.  Stalks 
per  acre. 


Tons  green 

fodder  per 

acre. 


I 

Burrill  &  Whitman  

May   lyth. 

0,648 

n.6 

2 

Breck's  Boston  market        

< 

80 

7 

Burr's  white  

< 

I4.,O76 

n  ^ 

4 

Burrill  &  Whitman  

Ma    23d.  .  .  . 

27,310 

17.6 

S. 

<  i 

c 

IO.QCQ 

14.  Q 

6 

« 

' 

0,724 

12.7 

« 

. 

H,77C 

H.c 

« 

( 

8,qoo 

1  1.2 

Burr's  white    

June  I5~i6th 

l8,425 

II.  O 

IO 

(< 

Q,O4s 

7.0 

II 

(i 

ii 

14,  ^73 

8.9 

i889.j 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


89 


Tract  (#)  and  plats  4  to  8  of  tract  (^)  were  cultivated  three  times 
with  shallow  cultivator  between  June  5th  and  June  26th,  and  plats  9  to  n 
of  tract  (^)  twice,  June  26th  and  July  6th.  Tract  (^)  was  hoed  July  3d. 
September  nth  to  xyth,  the  corn  was  cut  and  carried  to  the  silo  about  as 
rapidly  as  cut,  with  results  as  shown  in  the  preceding  table. 

In  plat  4,  where  one  kernel  was  planted  every  three  inches,  about 
six  tenths  of  the  kernels  produced  stalks;  in  plat  5,  where  one  kernel  was 
planted  every  six  inches,  about  seven-tenths  of  the  kernels  produced  stalks. 
In  the  former  the  yield  was  17.6  tons;  in  the  latter  14.9  tons  per  acre. 

In  plats  5  and  9,  where  one  kernel  was  planted  every  six  inches, 
about  three-fourths  of  the  kernels  on  an  average  produced  stalks;  in 
plats  7  and  n,  where  two  kernels  .were  planted  every  twelve  inches, 
about  three-fifths  of  the  kernels  produced  stalks.  In  the  former  the 
yield  was  13  tons;  in  the  latter,  11.7  tons.  There  was  but  slight  differ 
•ence  between  the  yields  of  plats  5  and  7,  and  about  two  tons  between 
plats  9  and  1 1.  • 

In  general,  therefore,  it  was  found  in  this  experiment,  just  as  in  Ex- 
periment No.  5,  that  where  one  kernel  was  planted  every  three  inches 
more  corn-fodder  was  raised  than  where  a  less  quantity  of  seed  was  used; 
and  that  where  the  kernels  were  planted  single  a  little  more  corn-fodder 
was  raised  than  where,  with  the  same  quantity  of  seed  per  acre,  two  or 
more  kernels  were  put  in  a  place. 

TAI.LE  SHOWING  NUMBER,  WEIGHT,  AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  GREEN  PARTS  OF  CORN- 
FODDER  AS  PUT  INTO  SlLO,  AND  AS  TAKEN  FOR  ANALYSIS. 


B 

W 

£ 

e 

3. 

bd 

3 

w 

EE 

^ 

Description. 

85 

p*  en" 

^3 

JT  tn" 

•"  3- 

'-'•'    —  -' 

•f"   3" 

3" 

3 

n 

3 

ft 

p 

p 

3 

3 

Condition  of  ears. 

In    milk,    some 

Glazed:   indent- 

In milk  

Not  fully  reach- 

glazed.     .  .  . 

ing   difficult 

ed  milk  stage 

Condition  of  husks 

Green  

Dry     . 

Green  

Green  

"Condition  of  leaves 

4  to  5  at  bottom 

5  and  6  at  bottom 

Green          .    .    . 

Green.        

dry  .  . 

dry,  and  others 

partly  dry 

Height  of  stalks.  . 

iii  to  12  feet.  .  .  . 

9  to  10  feet. 

8  feet  

Number  of  nodes 

12 

12 

Number  ot  stalks  . 

H 

20 

20 

38 

"Number  of  ears.  .  . 

12 

17 

19 

27 

Pounds  of  ears.  .  . 

7 

'3-75 

7-75 

7-5 

Pound  s    of  b  a  re 

stalks  

20 

16  5 

16  5 

16  <; 

'Pounds   of   leaves 

and   husks  

13 

975 

15-75 

16 

Condition  when  harvested. — As  the  corn  was  carried  to  the  silo,  forty- 
pound  samples  of  plats  i,  3,  4,  and  9  were  divided  into  stalks,  ears,  leaves, 
and  husks,  each  portion  weighed,  and  sample  of  each  taken  for  analysis. 


90  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  {February, 

As  between  the  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  and  Burr's  white,  a 
medium  maturing  dent  corn  used  in  general  field  culture,  planted  the 
same  day,  on  similar  soil,  the  former  was  considerably  greener.  The 
ears  of  the  former  were  in  the  milk,  a  few  being  glazed,  the  husks  were 
green  and  the  leaves  green  except  a  few  at  the  bottom;  while  the  latter 
had  its  ears  glazed,  most  of  which  could  be  indented  by  the  thumb  nail 
with  difficulty,  the  husks  were  dry,  and  many  of  its  leaves  were  partly 
dry.  In  the  former,  the  ears  contained  61.5,  the  stalk  77,  and  the  leaves 
and  husks  65  per  cent,  of  water,  with  an  average  for  the  whole  of  70.5 
per  cent.  In  the  latter,  the  ears  contained  43;  the  stalks,  74;  and  the 
leaves  and  husks,  58  per  cent,  of  water,  with  an  average  of  59.5  per  cent. 
In  every  ton  of  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  there  were  1,410  pounds- 
and  in  the  Burr's  white  1,190  pounds  of  water. 

The  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  on  plat  4  was  planted  a  week 
later  and  much  thicker,  being  nearly  twice  as  thick  when  harvested  as 
Burr's  white,  plat  3,  and  three  times  as  thick  as  Burrill  &  Whitman, 
plat  i.  The  ears  were  in  the  milk  and  the  husks  and  leaves  were  green. 
The  per  cent,  of  water  in  the  stalks  was  seemingly  the  same  as  that  of 
plat  i,  while  the  moisture  in  the  ears  and  leaves  was  about  five  per  cent, 
higher.  In  a  ton  of  the  green  corn-fodder,  as  carried  to  the  silo,  there 
were  1,450  pounds  of  water. 

The  Burr's  white  on  plat  9  was  planted  fully  four  weeks  later  than 
that  on  plat  3.  The  ears  had  not  fully  reached  the  milk  stage.  The 
water  in  the  stalks  was  i  per  cent,  higher;  in  the  ears  30  per  cent,  higher, 
and  in  the  leaves  14  per  cent,  higher  than  in  the  same  variety  planted  four 
weeks  earlier.  The  percentage  of  moisture  in  the  total  product  was  not 
much  higher  than  that  of  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  on  plat  4. 

The  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  was  about  two  feet  higher  than 
that  of  Burr's  white  of  the  same  period  of  growth,  the  height  being  n  to 
12  feet  in  the  former  and  9  to  10  in  the  latter.  There  were,  on  an  aver- 
age, 15  nodes  in  the  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  and  12  in  the  Burr's 
white.  As  there  is  a  leaf  for  each  node,  the  relative  number  of  leaves  to 
height  was  about  the  same — one  leaf  for  every  10  inches. 

The  stalks  were  also  considerably  heavier  in  the  Burrill  &  Whitman 
than  in  the  Burr's  white  of  the  same  growth;  but  this  may  be  to  a  small 
extent  due  to  the  thinner  stand  owing  to  poorer  seed. 

In  the  fresh  substance  the  bare  stalks  were  50  per  cent,  of  the  total 
weight  of  the  Burrill  &  Whitman  from  plat  i,  and  in  the  other  three  sam- 
ples 41  per  cent,  of  the  total  weight. 

In  the  Burr's  white,  whose  ears  were  fully  formed,  the  ears  were  34 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  weight;  but  in  the  other  samples  it  was  from  17.5 
to  19.5  per  cent. 

In  Burr's  white,  plat  3,  and  in  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn,  plat 
4,  are  to  be  found  examples  of  two  different  sets  of  conditions.  The  first 
is  a  common,  medium  maturing  dent  variety,  grown  but  little,  if  any, 
thicker  than  if  it  were  to  be  husked.  It  was  harvested  when  the  husks 


1889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


were  dry,  the  ears  fully  formed,  and  the  kernels  could  be  indented  by  the 
thumb  nail  with  difficulty.  The  second  is  a  large,  late  or  non-maturing 
southern  variety,  tasseling  two  weeks  later  than  Burr's  white,  grown  twice 
as  thick,  and  harvested  when  the  kernels  were  in  the  milk,  and  the  leaves 
and  husks  were  green. 


TABLE  SHOWING  PROXIMATE  COMPOSITION  OF  VARIETIES  OF  CORN  USED  FOR  ENSILAGE.* 

Water-  free  substance. 

Per  cent,  total  N. 
non-protein. 

00         ro  Cs 
10       t^>  ON 

\O  tr>  o\  TJ- 

t^   N     t^   M 

00      Tf    t~^   O 

11    "•    w  OO 

St^  o« 
ro  ro  O 

*Analyzed  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Manns  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  assistant  chemists. 

N      o\**- 

O   00     Tf   >-l 

t^  IO  «    1-1 
N    I-    1-1 

O  00  00   N 

N                 «• 

True  portein. 

<->  f>  N  vO 
rovO  i-  t~» 

t~~  t^.  t^UI 

T}-  ON  CO  *>• 

ro  "•  »ovO 
10  ro  N   N 

t-^  I-I     **     U~ 

00    rf  N   r^ 

00    N  VO    Tf 

»r>t«  ^c*} 

OO  M  10  •<*• 

r^  N  r^  \f~ 

Nitrogen-  free 
extract. 

•    O  VO 

.  VO    i-i      • 

vO   ro  O   N 

OO    O  OO    <^> 

ro  ro^O   1-1 
—  N  10  ro 

1       •    N    H<      • 

N  Tt  : 

•   1000      • 

;  \o  u^  | 

.  —  t"»    . 

.   VD     U">      . 

00  OO    N    CO 

t~»  xn  vo^o 

ro  rOX)  ro 
t-^vO  i^^O 

Crude  fibre. 

•    Q\N      • 

•  o  o    • 

••    N    N    O 

O  MD  vO  VO 

Q    OMO  N 

oo  11  oo  «/•> 

=  85  : 

•  o  «*  .' 

•  r<5  N     . 

d\'*  O\-<J- 
ro  N  N 

•i  o  4  TJ- 

i-i  ro  N  N 

•  r^.  ro 
;   N   N 

Crude  protein. 

roc-OX)   ~ 
vovO   r^.  O 

OO   N  vd  io 

ro-    ON 
-i    -^-  10  N 

VO    N    •*  •* 

OMO  i-    ro 

«  t^  ooo 
CM-  >o  •^~ 

•*  ro  I^X> 

oo  vo  oo  o 

O  N   t-^-vC 

Crude  fat. 

CO  N      • 

•  VO  00      ' 

vO  t--.  ^-  r-~ 

N  O    lO  t~- 

O  -i   roOO     |      •  OO  vo     • 
O  N  N  O\  1     ;  N  u->    ; 

.  N  ro    • 

Tj-  m    M    N 

Tj-  M    rr>  M 

•    N   f)     • 

Crude  ash. 

r~-  ION  vO 

O  O  N  10 

Tt  l^  a~,  O\ 
t^  N    rf  TJ- 

O\N   lO-O           OM^-lOX 
t-^vO   •*  ro       t^^O   "•    •* 

N   moo   •*• 

i-irod'j-!  i-Nt^'j- 

N   N   t^.  Tj- 

Fresh  substance. 

Nitrogen-free 
extract. 

vO    Tf     • 

•  M  a\  • 

O    N     Tf  Tj- 

"i  oo  N  o 

Tf    «      0>VO 

•*  to  O   r*1 

•    t^  rj- 

•  ot^. 

.   Tj-  O    . 

.      H     >H         . 

10  't  N  r>. 

•*•  «    N    N 

rj-  TJ-  t^  t^ 

M    11    11    w 

•  io.vO 

Crude  fibre. 

•    N  00      • 

'     ONfO      • 

10  rf  t~-^o 
«  00    •*  •*• 

Tj-  rj-vO    Tf 
ONOO    N    Th 

•    10  O 

•  vO  10 

•  vOOO     . 

"">X>  N  X)    1    rovO  r^^O 

"*          1 

•  vO  vO 

Crude  protein. 

OO   O  vO   Tf 

N  vO  -fivO 

•H   M   ro  ro 
uivo    O  CT* 

t^  O  O  r^ 
0   ^-00   •* 

t~-  'S-vO  r^ 
vO  vO   «M  vO 

POO  N  1-1 

roO  «   « 

fO  O  «  « 

N    O    N    - 

Ether  extract. 

•   Q  rO    •         •*  ro  t-~  r- 
.  vO  n    .        •*  •*  O  N 

t^  O  "ii/-> 
r^io  OX) 

•  -   cs 
;  LO  o 
•  6  —     • 

.  0  «     . 

N  O  -  « 

-   0   0   0 

Ash. 

O   O  vO   N 
00   f^OO   •* 

5r*"5"\5 

O^OO   •*  1^ 

o  ooo  N 

VO   10  —   C< 

vO   10  «O  ro 
r-vo  O  N 

O   O  N  H. 

oo^-ii      bON- 

O   O   N   •- 

Water. 

O\H  M  ro 

^•0  -   ^f 

••  "^  ON  Tj- 

00   ^OO   10 

00  vO  r<ivO     1    —   N   rt-O 
vO  fi  t~»vO     1     ON  LO  rl  rl 

«  t^-io  O 

<O  t^vO  t^ 

pi  4-  1^.  o\ 

vd  i^.  o  N 

M    IO  •"    fl 

e 

_o 

tx 

'C 
o 
<fi 

Q 

Ears  
Stalks  
Leaves  and  husks.  . 
Average  compos'  n.  . 

^  a 

•2  "a 

l| 

•c  c 
c  u 
rt  u 
f>   M 
»  u  n 

^^  «  S 
es  2    9J    > 

wx^<: 

'  <»  .r1 

•    in    o 

:-l 

•  T3    0 
'    C    0 

:  «  « 

.J2^2 

u  -=   eS   o 

eo  2    1)    > 

Wx  J<3 

.     .   «   C 
.     .    v  ^ 

:  :|B- 
•  •     s 

•      •  T3    C 
•      •    c.    o 

:  :  rt  o 

Wl    01 

£  >  2 

12*3  rt  «< 

a  5   "   > 
K  X«< 

>, 

.2i 

3 

"o 
u 

6 
m 

fc 

Burrill  &  Whitman.  . 

V 

ft 

M 
h 

3 
« 

Burrill  &  Whitman.  . 

o 

X 
'# 

*:-. 

1 

Plat. 

—                    f>                    rj-                   cr> 

BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


Composition. — As  shown  in  the  table,  page  91,  40.46  per  cent,  of  the 
fresh  corn-fodder  in  Burr's  white,  as  carried  to  the  silo,  was  dry  substance, 
and  27.34  per  cent."  in  the  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage  corn  was  dry  sub- 
stance. Although  differing  widely  in  condition  and  relative  proportion  of 
parts  the  average  proximate  composition  of  the  dry  substance  is  rather 
uniform  in  the  two  varieties.  The  percentage  of  crude  fibre  and  of  nitro- 
gen-free extract  (starch,  sugar,  etc.)  is  essentially  the  same  in.  both.  The 
percentages  of  these  substances  in  the  different  parts  vary  considerably, 
however.  The  percentage  of  crude  fibre  is  considerably  lower  in  the  ears 
and  higher  in  the  stalks  and  leaves  of  Burr's  white,  than  in  those  of  the 
ensilage  corn;  while  the  nitrogen-free  extract  is  higher  in  the  ears  and 
lower  in  the  stalks  and  leaves. 

TABLE  SHOWING  YIELD  PER  ACRE  IN  POUNDS  OF  SUBSTANCES  AS  SPECIFIED  IN 
VARIETIES  OF  CORN  USED  FOR  ENSILAGE. 


2 

p 
3 
n 

0 

• 

-^ 

n 

V? 

Description  of 
parts. 

Fresh  substance. 

Water-free  sub- 
stance. 

n 

t-l 

E. 
n 

• 
E 

p 

p 

(X 

n 

P- 

Crude  protein. 

n 

H 

cx 
rt 

m 

u- 

3 

g 

f»  ~. 

X    O 

^"n 
p    n> 

0    3 
r  ^ 

n> 

3s 

n 
•a 
3^ 
n 

a' 

Ears  

4,764 

i,8-?4 

38 

156 

152 

Burrill  & 

Stalks  

17,  6n 

7,  I7Q 

QC 

&2 

82 

QA2 

I  928 

82 

Whitman. 

Leaves  and  husks. 
Total  

8,848 
27,225 

3,087 
8,01;  i 

253 
386 

118 

208 
/\^f> 

741 

1,764 

188 

422 

Ears  

7,024 

4,  C72 

78 

IQI 

278 

408 

-1,1:74. 

248 

Stalks  

Q,SO8 

2,4.2Q 

80 

4.1 

Co 

84.1 

I   4OQ 

448 

Burr's  white. 

Leaves  and  husks. 
Total  

5,618 
2"?,oc;o 

2,366 
0,727 

247 
40  c 

60 
2Q1 

107 

444 

701 

I.QCO 

1,249 
6,232 

I  O2 
^08 

Ears  

6,8^7 

2,28? 

41 

Q4 

2IO 

260 

1,671 

IQC 

Burrill  & 

Stalks  

H.ccc 

7.2QC 

86 

•JT. 

58 

006 

2  083 

41 

Whitman. 

Leaves  and  husks. 
Total  

13-893 

TC,  28; 

4,067 
0,647 

3°3 
4^?o 

132 

2QQ 

250 

5l8 

1,009 

2,274 

2,374 
6,128 

222 
4.60 

Ears  

4,145 

1,12^ 

T.2 

III 

8q 

Stalks  . 

9  118 

2,2"?2 

59 

16 

eg 

606 

I   4^6 

£•2 

Burr's  wh.te. 

Leaves  and  husks. 
Total  .  . 

8,842 
22,10; 

2,534 

<,88o 

181 

272 

86 

200 
160 

583 

1,480 

183 
T.2Z 

The  percentage  of  crude  ash  is  a  little  higher  in  Burr's  white  and  the 
crude  fat  is  a  little  higher  in  the  ensilage  corn.  The  ash  is  mostly  found 
in  the  leaves,  while  the  ears  contain  the  larger  percentage  of  fat. 

The  percentage  of  crude  protein  is  appreciably  higher  in  the  Burrill 
&  Whitman  ensilage  corn,  although  in  both  cases  the  percentage  is  but 
half  that  of  the  average  of  American  and  European  analyses.*  The  per- 
centage was  largest  in  the  ears  and  least  in  the  stalks.  It  was  larger  in 
the  less  mature  ears  and  leaves  and  in  the  more  mature  stalks. 


*Repoit  Fonn.  State  Coll.,  1887,  Part  II.,  p.  124. 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  93 

Yield  per  Acre  of  Dry  Substance. — As  shown  in  the  above  table,  the 
Burr's  white  yielded  23,050  pounds  and  the  Burrill  &  Whitman  ensilage 
corn  35,285  pounds  of  fresh  substance,  and  9,327  and  9,647  pounds, 
respectively,  of  dry  substance,  equal  in  weight  to  the  dry  substance  of 
about  five  and  one-third  tons  of  well  cured  timothy  hay.  While  there  was 
13,235  pounds  more  of  fresh  substance  in  the  latter,  there  was  but  320 
pounds  more  of  dry  substance.  Over  six  and  one-half  tons  more  water 
was  obtained,  and  one-sixth  of  a  ton  more  of  dry  substance. 

There  was  4,532  pounds  of  dry  substance  in  the  ears  of  the  Burr's 
white,  which  was  about  twice  as  much  as  in  the  ears  of  the  ensilage  corn. 
There  were  about  one-third  rhore  bare  stalks  and  seven-tenths  more 
leaves  and  husks  on  the  latter.  While  three-fourths  the  latter  was  stover 
(stalks  and  leaves),  one-half  the  former  was  ears. 

The  Burr's  white  yielded  324  pounds  per  acre  less  of  crude  fibre 
and  104  pounds  more  of  nitrogen-free  extract  (starch,  sugar,  etc.) 
than  the  ensilage  corn;  while  the  ensilage  corn  yielded  4  pounds  of 
crude  fat,  25  pounds  of  crude  ash,  and  74  pounds  per  acre  more  of 
crude  protein. 

The  comparative  digestibility  of  these  two  varieties,  differing  as  they 
do  so  widely  in  the  relative  proportion  of  their  several  parts,  can  not  be 
determined  by  the  digestion  experiments  of  Mosher*  in  Germany,  Sturte- 
vantt  in  New  York,  or  Woll|  in  Wisconsin;  but  the  conclusion  can  hardly 
be  escaped,  although  without  experimental  evidence,  that  of  two  varieties 
yielding  practically  the  same  amount  of  dry  substance,  the  one  having 
half  of  its  substance  ear  corn  is  more  valuable  than  the  one  having  but 
one-fourth  of  its  substance  ear  corn. 

The  question  of  the  keeping  qualities  of  the  two  varieties,  when  put 
into  the  silo,  is  reserved  until  a  future  bulletin. 

Experiment  No.  j.     Corn,  Time  of  Planting. 

Seven  plats  measuring  2x8  rods  each  were  planted  with  corn,  one  a 
week  for  seven  weeks,  beginning  April  27  and  ending  June  8,  1888.  The 
land  had  been  in  wheat  two  seasons.  Last  fall  it  was  manured  with  stable 
manure  and  plowed.  Each  plat  was  pulverized  twice  on  the  day  planted 
by  the  use  of  a  disk  harrow,  and  twice  by  the  use  of  a  common  tooth-har- 
row before  planting.  The  hills  were  3  feet  8  inches  apart.  Four  kernels 
of  Burr's  white  dent  corn  were  planted  in  each  hill.  The  corn  was  culti- 
vated with  a  hoe  and  a  shallow  cultivater,  usually  the  Tower  cultivator. 
The  attempt  was  made  to  have  the  cultivation  equal  in  quantity  on  each 
plat  and  at  equal  intervals  from  dates  of  planting.  Owing  to  varying 
condition  of  weather  and  to  the  longer  period  of  growth  of  the  earlier 
planted  plats,  this  was  not  always  done.  The  first  cultivation  of  each 
plat  was  with  the  hoe:  in  the  first  three  plats,  it  was  three  weeks  after 


*  Landw.  V'ersuch  Stationen,  8,  93. 

t  Rep't  N.  V.  Agr.  Kxp't  Station,  1884,  45. 

t  Rep't  Wis.  Agr.  Exp't  Station,  1888,  59. 


94 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


planting;  in  the  last  four,  two  weeks  after  planting.  Plats  i,  2,  7., 
and  9  were  cultivated  three  times;  plats  4,  6,  and  8  were  cultivated 
twice.  The  apparent  result  of  the  cultivation  was,  however,  similar  on 
all  the  plats. 

TABLE  SHOWING  DATE  OF  PLANTING;  IMPLEMENT  USED,  AND  DATE  OF  CULTIVATION. 


G 

Dates  of  Cultivation. 

P 

2 
P 

"2.5 

SB     <•» 

With  cultivator. 

&•* 

With  hoe. 

Second 

Third 

orq 

time. 

time. 

i 

April  27 

May  19 

June  I 

June  15 

June  26 

2. 

May  4 

May  26 

June  I 

June  15 

June  26 

4 

May  ii 

June  I 

June  I  5 

June  26 

None 

6 

May  19 

June  I 

June  15 

June  26 

None 

7 

May  26 

June  8 

June  15 

June  26 

July  13 

8 

June  I 

June  15    i    June  26 

July  13 

None 

9 

June  8 

June  22    1    June  26 

July  13 

July  27 

With  the  exception  of  plat  9,  the  corn  came  up  evenly  and  well.  -As 
shown  in  the  table  below,  there  was  an  almost  complete  stand  at  the  end 
of  two  weeks  from  planting  in  plats  2-8  inclusive,  little  difference  being: 
observable  in  the  rapidity  of  germination  of  these  plants.  The  germina- 
tion of  the  corn  on  plat  i  was  evidently  delayed  on  account  of  the  low- 
ness  of  the  temperature;  that  on  plat  9  on  account  of  the  dryness  of  the 
soil.  Within  certain  limits,  of  the  two  factors,  temperature  and  moisure,. 
the  germination  of  corn  seems  to  be  most  readily  affected  by  the  latter. 

TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  HILLS  AND  NUMBER  OF  PLANTS  IN  THE  MIDDLE  Rovv 
OF  EACH  PLAT  AT  DATES  GIVEN. 


2 

p 

0_ 

*c_ 
p 

I 

2 

4 
6 

8 
9 

O 

* 

n 
0 

<T3 

p 

3 
CTQ 

April  27. 
Mav  A 

May  n. 

May  19. 

May  26. 

June  i. 

June  8. 

June  15. 

June  22. 

% 

p 

o 
•*» 

& 

'Z, 
o 

o 
-i 

"2, 
P" 

2 
p 

o 
—i 

B£ 

2; 

p 

0 

"SL 

P" 

3 

% 

0 

2! 

p 

o 

"Si 

fT 

55 

p 

o 
jjr 

2 

p 

c 

-o_ 
p 

* 

o 

o 

BT 

Z, 

0 

o 

TSL 

P 

3 

* 
p 

o_ 
cr 

5 

o 

0 

Tl 
p" 

2 

o 

rr 

Z 

o 

o 

•«» 

TEL 
tT 

3 

Ul 

28 

55 

-6 

36 

f 

f 

36 
36 
29 
ii 

en 

tn 

~36~ 
36 
36 
35 
4 

f 

en    . 

t» 

? 

— 

—  — 

—  — 

139 
103 

139 
132 

79 
21 

131 
129 

127 

122 

5 

36 
36 
36 

35 
36 
29 

131 
127 
124 
121 

124 

57 

May   11. 
May   19. 
May  26. 
June  I 

36 
36 
8 

132 
130 

IO 

June  8.. 

J9 

41 

Beginning  with  the  first  appearance  of  the  tassel,  weekly  observations., 
with  the  exception  of  August  7th,  were  made  upon  the  occurrence  and 
quantity  of  tassel.  The  dates  given  in  table  below  are  those  on  which 
the  conditions  were  noted.  The  given  stage  was  reached  during  the  week 
preceding.  The  dates  are,  therefore,  accurate  only  so  far: 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1  888. 

TABLE  IN  REGARD  TO  TASSELING. 


95 


2 
P 

O 
P 

•2.S 

go 

5 

oq 

First  tassel  noted. 

Fully  in  tassel. 

Date. 

-o      1 
p"p  P 

3  ^  <: 
•-  rt>  % 
n  *-i 

TO     E" 

Date. 

T3         * 

P"  &  9 
ljf« 

3         !C 

crp       oi 

i 

2. 

4 
6 

8 
'    9 

April  27 
May  4 
May  1  1 
May  19 
May  26 
June  i 
June  8 

July  II 
July  II 
July  18 
fuly  18 

July  25 

July  25 
August  i 

10 

9 

8 
7 
7 

July  25 
July  25 
August  i 
August  I 
August  I 
August  15 
August  22 

12 
II 
II 

)O 

9 

10 
IO 

The  first  tassel  appeared  in  from  seven  to  ten  weeks  and  the  com 
was  fully  in  tassel  in  from  nine  to  twelve  weeks,  approximately.  In  gen- 
eral, the  earlier  planting  made  the  slower  growth.  While  there  was  six 
weeks  variation  in  the  planting,  there  was  but  three  weeks  variation  of 
maturity.  September  i4th,  the  stage  of  maturity  of  the  plats  was  noted. 
Plats  1-6,  inclusive,  were  fully  out  of  the  way  of  frost.  Husks  were 
about  three-fourths  dry  and  leaves  about  one-half  dry.  Plat  7  was  a  little 
greener  but  would  not  have  been  much  injured  by  frost.  Plat  8  had 
about  one-third  of  its  husks  dry  and  most  of  its  leaves  were  green.  Plat 
9  was  very  green.  Both  would  have  been  severely  injured  by  frost. 
October  2d,  plats  i  to  7,  inclusive,  were  ripe.  Plat  8  was  a  trifle  green, 
apparently,  but  was  not  injured  by  the  destructive  frost  of  the  succeeding 
night.  Plat  9  was  very  green,  the  corn  being  largely  in  the  milk.  The 
frost  of  the  morning  of  October  3d  prevented  its  maturing. 

November  2ist,  the  corn  was  husked  and  weighed.  A  fifty-pound 
sample  of  corn  was  taken  from  each  plat,  and  December  8th  the  samples 
were  shelled  to  ascertain  percentage  of  shelled  corn,  and  number  and 
ratio  of  good  ears  to  nubbins. 

TABLE  SHOWING  EARS  AND  NUBBINS  PER  ACRE;  EAR  CORN  PER  PLAT;  PERCENT- 
AGE OF  SHELLED  CORN;  CALCULATED  YIELD  OF  SHELLED  CORN  PER  PLAT  IN 
POUNDS;  BUSHELS  PER  ACRE,  AS  HUSKED,  AND  WHEN  AIR-DRY;  i.  E.,  CONTAIN- 
ING BUT  II  PER  CENT.  OF  WATER. 


Number  ears  per  acre. 

Yield  of  corn. 

2 

Date  of 

O 
o 

^ 

H 

0 

M 

•2.1! 

CD   re 

c/: 

Q   ft  rt 

§0    1 

2-           rt 

0    W 

r 

planting. 

o 
(L 

Er 

»    0 

-T  0 

ST  3 
2,  ft 

"   p     O 

P_  n 

n 
P 

g- 

n 

p 

o    P 

SJ1'^' 

-  sr 

n   5m   S 

7  a? 

? 

c« 

. 

'    T3 
n 

gm 

3  n> 

•^  2 

B 

a"S 

V"  >-t 

3  5'l 

9*2 

i 

April  27.  .  . 

7,656 

1.392 

9,048 

580 

825 

479 

85.4 

16.89 

80 

2 

May  4.  ... 

7.500 

2.750 

10,250 

625 

83- 

519 

92.6 

16.59 

86.7 

4 

May   1  1  ... 

8.190 

2,142 

10,332 

630 

82.5 

520 

92.8 

17.48 

86.1 

6 

May   19.  .. 

7,434        2,268        9.702 

630 

82. 

5>7 

92-3 

15-85 

873 

7 

May  2.6... 

6,720        3  360 

IO,o8o 

6OO 

82.5 

495 

88.4 

16.88 

82.5 

8 

June  I  ....        7,068 

2356 

9.424 

620 

78-5 

487 

869 

17.28 

80.8 

9 

June  8.  ...  1     6.IIO 

2,122 

8,232 

470 

71- 

334 

59-6 

2485 

50-3 

.96  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

From  the  preceding  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  number  of 
•ears  per  acre  varied  from  8,232  to  10,332.  The  least  number  was  on  plat 
9  and  the  largest  number  on  plat  4.  Excepting  plat  9,  the  variation  was 
very  small,  the  average  number  of  ears  being  9,806.  An  arbitrary  division 
into  good  ears  and  nubbins  was  made.  The  ratio  of  good  ears  to  nub- 
bins was  about  three  to  one  by  number,  and  about  five  to  one  by  weight. 
The  ratio  is  largest  in  the  first  week's  planting,  and  smallest  in  the 
fifth  week's  planting.  The  actual  yield  of  shelled  corn  varied  from  59.6 
"bushels  to  92.8  bushels:  the  former  from  the  last  week's  planting,  June 
-8th,  and  the  latter  from  the  third  week's  planting,  May  nth.  The  last 
week's  planting,  which  did  not  mature,  excepted,  the  variations  in  yield 
are  surprisingly  small,  and  can  almost  be  said  to  be  no  greater  than  the 
possibility  of  error  in  this  kind  of  experimental  inquiry.  The  greatest 
-variation  is  about  7^  bushels,  the  smallest  yield  of  those  plats  on  which 
the  corn  matured  being  85.4  bushels;  the  average  yield  89.4  bushels. 
The  percentage  of  water  in  a  sample  of  the  shelled  corn  from  each  plat 
was  determined  by  the  Station  chemists.  The  variation  in  the  percent- 
age of  water  in  the  mature  corn  was  slight — possibly  within  the  error  of 
sampling — and  does  not  materially  change  the  relative  yield  of  the  plats. 
The  average  percentage  of  water  in  the  corn  of  these  first  six  weeks' 
planting  was  16.83;  'n  tne  seventh  week's  planting  the  percentage  was 
24.85.  Assuming  n  per  cent,  of  water  in  thoroughly  air-dry  corn,  the 
average  yield  per  acre  of  air-dry  corn  for  the  six  plats  maturing  was 
a  little  less  than  84  bushels.  The  least  yield,  80  bushels,  was  the  first 
week's  planting,  April  27th,  and  the  largest  yield,  a  little  more  than  87 
bushels,  was  the  fourth  week's  planting,  May  igth;  while  the  second  and 
third  weeks'  planting,  May  4th  and  nth,  were  essentially  as  large. 

This  season,  therefore,  with  the  variety  of  corn  named,  a  medium- 
maturing  variety,  and  good  soil  and  culture,  the  best  results  were  obtained 
from  planting  between  May  4th  and  igth,  while  satisfactory  results  were 
obtained  during  the  period  of  five  weeks,  from  April  27th  to  June  ist. 

Experiment  No.  4.      Corn,  Depth  of  Planting. 

May  4,  1888,  six  rows,  each  8  rods  in  length,  were  planted  with  corn 
at  depths  varying  from  i  to  6  inches.  The  land  was  similar  in  every 
respect  to  that  used  in  Experiment  No.  3,  and  its  prior  culture  had  been 
the  same.  There  were  36  hills  in  a  row,  and  the  rows  were  3  feet  8  inches 
apart.  Four  kernels  of  Burr's  white  dent  corn  were  planted  in  each 
"hill.  The  depth  was  obtained  by  means  of  a  scale  on  a  dibble.  The 
•cultivation  of  all  the  rows  was  the  same.  They  were  hoed  once,  May 
.26th.  and  cultivated  with  a  shallow  cultivator  three  times,  June  ist,  i6th, 
and  26th. 

The  shallower  the  corn  was  planted  the  quicker  it  came  up  and  the 
more  nearly  did  every  kernel  grow,  with  the  possible  exception  of  row  3, 
which,  May  26th  and  June  ist,  had  a  larger  number  of  plants  than  row  2. 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


97 


June  8th  it  had  a  less  number,  which  was  due  to  their  removal  by  cut- 
worms, probably.  An  idea  of  the  relative  rapidity  and  extent  of  germi- 
nation will  be  obtained  from  the  following  table: 

TABLE  SHOWING  DEPTH  OF  PLANTING;    NUMBER  OF  HILLS  AND   PLANTS  IN  EACH 

Row  AT  DATES  GIVEN. 


hrt 

O 
_*  n 

Ma) 

19. 

May 

26. 

Jun 

e  i. 

Jun 

28. 

0 

3"S 

g-r 

re 
en 

Hills. 

Plants. 

Hills. 

Plants. 

Hills. 

Plants. 

Hills. 

Plants. 

I 

2 

3 
4 

6 

I 
2 
3 

4 
6 

36 
36 
36 
24 
6 
o 

134 

112 

99 

44 
7 
o 

36 

3I 
36 

36 
34 

27 

136 
"5 

121 
III 

90 

53 

36 

3I 
36 

36 
34 

34 

128 
117 

122 

116 

93 

5 

3* 
36 

36 
36 
34 
34 

129 
117 
"5 
"5 
92 

»3 

July  25th,  corn  which  was  planted  from  one  to  four  inches  deep  was 
fully  in  tassel,  and  one  week  later  that  which  was  planted  five  and  six 
inches  deep,  was  fully  in  tassel.  September  i4th,  there  was  a  somewhat 
similar  variation  in  the  stage  of  ripeness.  Those  rows  which  were  planted 
from  one  to  four  inches  deep  were  about  equally  ripe.  The  husks  were 
about  three-fourths,  and  the  leaves  about  one-half  dry.  The  rows  which 
were  planted  five  and  six  inches  deep  were  rather  the  greener.  On  the 
former  the  husks  were  about  one-half  and  the  leaves  about  one-third  dry. 
On  the  latter  the  husks  were  about  one-third  and  the  leaves  about  one- 
fourth  dry.  October  ist,  all  the  rows  were  ripe.  The  corn  was  husked 
November  2oth  and  weighed  November  26th. 

TABLE  SHOWING  DEPTH  OF  PLANTING;   EARS  AND  POUNDS   OF  CORN   PER   Row, 
ACTUAL;  EARS  AND  BUSHELS  PER  ACRE,  CALCULATED;  AND  EARS  PER  BUSHEL. 


~ 
it 

— 

Ears  prro\v.!J        Ears  per  acre. 

Lb.  sh'l'd  c'n  pr  row. 

Bushels  per  acre. 

5'  I 

JM 

O 

2 

C 

? 

3    O 

O    1     •; 

P  cr 
rt 

c 

" 

o 

Q 

c 

*J 

o 

c 

H 

P  2 

!°  £ 

H 

i 

&          i—1 

•= 

— 

o> 

cr 

o' 

EL 

cr 

o 

^  3 

o 

5> 

cr    i      o' 

V)     O 

n 

— 

n 

cr 

p. 

n 

cr 

.3" 

'    orq 

5".  —  ^  £r 

p 

(D 

cr           p* 

?* 

p 

s' 

p 

3 

H-* 

o 

3    p3    ft 

;  —  ' 

P 

5'          r" 

j  —  *  p 

en 

P 

en 

p 

en 

I 

"  3  a 

a 

en 

I 

I 

81 

42 

123 

7,290 

3,780 

11,070 

52-25 

16. 

68.25 

84.0 

25.7       109.7 

IOt 

2 

2 

69 

38 

107 

6,210 

3,420        9,630 

42. 

»3- 

55- 

67-5 

20.9         88.4 

109 

3 

3 

73 

43 

116 

6,570 

3,870     IO,44O 

45-75 

62.75 

73-5    27.3    100.8 

104 

4 

4 

65 

42 

107     5,850 

3,780        9,630      3925 

15-5 

54-75 

63.1     24.9  !    88.0 

109 

5 

5 

53 

39 

92 

4,770 

3,510        8,280  |    31.5 

14. 

45-5 

50.6 

22.5         73-1 

"3 

6    6 

48 

18 

66 

4,320 

1,620        5,94011   30.75 

6-75 

37-5 

49.4 

IO-9         60.3 

98 

The  largest  yield,  at  the  rate  of  109.7  bushels  per  acre,  was  from  the 
row  planted  one  inch  deep;  the  next  largest,  100.8  bushels,  from  row 
planted  three  inches  deep;  and  the  least,  60.3  bushels,  from  the  row 
planted  six  inches  deep.  The  larger  yields  are  principally  due  to  the 
larger  number  of  ears  produced,  but  also  partly  due  to  the  larger  size  of 
the  ears,  with  the  exception  of  the  row  planted  six  inches  deep.  The  row 
planted  one  inch  deep  yielded  11,070  ears  per  acre,  and  it  took  101  ears 


^8  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

to  make  a  bushel  of  shelled  corn.  The  row  planted  three  inches  deep 
yielded  10,440  ears  per  acre,  and  it  took  104  ears  to  make  a  bushel. 
Rows  planted  two  and  four  inches  deep  yielded  9,630  ears  each,  and  it 
took  109  ears  to  make  a  bushel.  On  the  other  hand,  the  row  planted  six 
inches  deep  yielded  5,940  ears,  and  it  took  but  98  ears  to  produce  a 
bushel.  The  shallowest  and  deepest  planted  rows,  however,  were  outside 
TOWS,  and  that  in  itself,  as  has  been  seen,  may  be  enough  to  cause  a  larger 
yield;  and,  therefore,  a  possible  error  in  the  result.  The  ears  oh  both 
these  outside  rows  averaged  larger  than  on  the  other  rows;  and,  of  the 
two,  those  on  the  row  planted  deepest  averaged  largest,  which  may  be 
accounted  for  by  the  thinner  stand  on  that  row.  The  average  number  of 
ears  required  to  make  a  bushel  in  the  other  four  rows  is  109.  If  this 
number  had  been  required  in  the  row  planted  one  inch  deep  the  yield 
would  have  been  101.6  bushels,  which  would  still  be  a  little  the  largest 
yield;  while,  if  that  number  were  required  in  the  row  planted  six  inches 
•deep,  the  yield  would  be  but  54.3  bushels. 

So  far  as  planting  from  one  to  four  inches  deep  is  concerned,  these 
results  are  not  at  all  decisive.  Inasmuch  as  there  is  not  a  direct  relation- 
ship between  the  depth  of  planting  and  the  yield,  some  accidental  cause 
•of  variation  is  indicated;  that  is,  accidental  as  relates  to  this  experiment. 
If  another  season's  trial,  when  the  possible  error  from  outside  rows  is 
-eliminated?  gives  the  best  result  from  planting  three  inches-deep,  then  the 
present  season's  results  will  be  of  more  value.  As  in  ordinary  field  prac- 
tice, when  planting  is  done  on  fall-plowing,  the  soil  was  not  stirred  at  the 
-depths  of  five  and  six  inches  by  the  cultivation  given  the  plat.  The  corn 
planted  at  these  depths,  therefore,  was  at  a  double  disadvantage — that  due 
to  depth,  and  that  due  to  the  less  favorable  mechanical  condition  of  the 
soil. 

The  best  depth  to  plant  will  depend  largely  upon  the  temperature, 
moisture,  and  mechanical  conditions  of  the  seed-bed  at  the  time  of  plant- 
ing,— three  conditions  which  are,  probably,  rarely  exactly  similar  in  two 
•different  places  or  seasons.  In  this  experiment,  these  conditions  were  all 
favorable  to  the  early  growth  of  the  corn  plant;  and  in  such  a  case  the 
depth  of  planting,  between  one  and  four  inches,  would  make  but  little 
•difference. 

Experiment  No.  J.      Corn,  Thickness  of  Planting. 

This  experiment  was  conducted  with  the  object  of  determining  the 
best  thickness  at  which  to  plant  corn,  and  also  the  best  manner  of  dis- 
tributing the  corn  at  a  given  thickness — whether,  for  instance,  it  is  better 
to  plant  three  kernels  every  three  and  one-half  feet,  or  one  kernel  every 
fourteen  inches. 

The  land  had  been  for  some  years  in  raspberries.  This  spring  the 
briars  were  gathered  and  burned,  and  May  ist  and  ad  stable  manure  was 
spread  on  at  the  rate  of  thirty  tons  per  acre.  May  ad  and  3d,  the  land 
was  plowed.  Each  plat  contained  three  rows  about  six  rods  long,  and 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


99 


five  rods  of  each  row  was  harvested,  which  made  that  part  of  each  plat 
harvested  for  use  in  this  experiment  i-48th  of  an  acre.  The  plats  were 
•continuous,  that  is,  no  space  was  left  between  plats,  and  extra  rows  were 
planted  at  the  ends  of  the  tract,  so  that  each  row  harvested  had  an  equal 
.amount  of  soil  for  its  use.  May  8th  and  9th,  Burr's  white  dent  corn  was 
planted  on  the  twenty-four  plats  in  quantity  and  manner  indicated  in  the 
table  below.  The  distances  were  obtained  by  means  ot  a  steel  tape,  the 
dropping  was  done  by  hand,  and  the  covering  with  a  hoe. 

TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBERS  OF  PLATS;   KERNELS  PLANTED  IN  A  HILL;   INCHES 
BETWEEN  HILLS;  KERNELS  PLANTED  PER  ACRE. 


W 

m 

H-  i 

3 

re 

n> 

n 

•£ 

n> 

£ 

M 
8 

ET 

H 

•-i 

S. 

re 

1 

3 

I 

1 

Plat. 

•o 

I 

s» 

Plat. 

5T 

cr 

n> 

•« 

Plat. 

* 

jf 

•| 

rt 

ft 

re 

j^ 

8 

<T> 

*-f 

2 

-i 

•-t 

g 

sr 

P 
O 

=r 

3' 

I 

g 

3" 

p 

O 

r^ 

F 

3 

F 

3T 

rt 

^ 

F 

re 

I 

I 

3 

47,520 

9 

2 

18 

15,840 

17 

13 

45 

9,504 

2 

I 

6 

23,760 

10 

2 

24 

1  1,  880 

18 

4 

12 

47,520 

3 

I 

9 

15,840 

ii 

2 

3° 

9,504 

19 

4 

24 

23,760 

4 

I 

12 

1  1,  880 

12 

2 

48 

5,940 

20 

4 

36 

15,840 

5 

I 

'5 

9'5°4 

13 

3 

9 

47,520 

21 

4 

48 

1  1,  880 

6 

I 

24 

5,940 

3 

18 

23,760 

22 

5 

15 

47,520 

7 

2 

6 

47,520 

15 

3 

27 

15,840 

23 

5 

30 

23,760 

8 

2 

12 

23,760 

16 

3 

36 

II,  880 

24 

5 

45 

15,840 

The  cultivation  of  all  the  plats  was  the  same.  They  were  hoed  twice, 
May  24th  and  June  aist,  and  cultivated  once  with  a  shallow  cultivator. 
October  8th,  i3th,  the  plats  were  cut  and  shocked. 

October  I3th-i7th,  corn-fodder  on  each  plat  was  weighed;  the 
corn  husked  and  weighed;  the  corn  shelled  and  the  cobs  weighed.  The 
number  and  weight  of  good  ears  and  nubbins  and  the  weight  of  cobs 
from  each  was  ascertained.  A  sample  of  the  shelled  corn  taken  October 
2oth  contained  22.72  per  cent,  of  water.  The  corn  on  the  different  plats 
ripened  equally  early,  so  far  as  could  be  observed,  and  the  corn  of  the 
different  plats  was  assumed  to  contain  an  equal  percentage  of  water. 

The  plats  were  planted  at  six  different  degrees  of  thickness,  as  follows: 
at  the  rate  of  47,520,  23,760,  15,840,  n,88o,  9,540,  and  5,940  kernels  per 
acre;  and,  for  the  sake  of  brevity  and  clearness,  will  be  spoken  of  in  the 
discussion  which  follows  as  the  first,  second,  third,  etc.,  plantings.  As 
there  are  3,240  hills  on  an  acre,  where  the  hills  are  3  ft.  8  in.  apart  each 
way,  and  12,960  kernels  planted  when  four  kernels  are  planted  to  a  hill, 
the  two  thickest  plantings  in -this  experiment  were  considerably  above  the 
rate  of  ordinary  seeding;  the  two  thinnest,  somewhat  below  it;  and  the 
two  intermediate  plantings  were  not  far  from  the  usual  rate. 

Number  of  stalks  harvested  for  100  kernels  planted. — The  yield  depends 
upon  the  number  of  stalks  harvested  rather  than  upon  the  kernels  planted. 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


The  seed  was  of  extra  quality,  its  germinating  power  being  nearly  per- 
fect. The  first  and  thickest  planting,  which  was  made  in  five  different 
ways — one  kernel  every  three  inches,  two  kernels  every  six  inches,  three 
kernels  every  nine  inches,  four  kernels  every  twelve  inches,  and  five 
kernels  every  fifteen  inches — produced,  on  an  average,  62  stalks  for  every 
100  kernels  planted,  or  at  the  rate  of  27,460  stalks  per  acre.  Of  the  five 
methods  of  distribution  at  this  thickness,  that  of  one  kernel  every  three 
inches  produced  the  largest  number  of  stalks,  70  for  every  100  kernels 
planted;  but  when  two  or  more  kernels  were  planted  in  a  hill  there  was 
but  little  difference  in  the  percentage  of  stalks  produced. 

TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  PLAT;  KERNELS  IN  A  HILL;  INCHKS  BETWEEN  HILLS; 
KERNELS  PLANTED;  STALKS  HARVESTED;  POUNDS  OF  STALKS  AND  CORN  PER 
PLAT  AND  PER  ACRE;  WEIGHT  OF  100  STALKS  WITH  CORN;  YIELD  OF  STOVER. 


^ 

Corn-fodder  (stover  and  corn). 

Corn-stover. 

o 

aj 

i—  i 

' 

M 

Tl 

TJ 

p 

3 

n 

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3  13 

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p   p 
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£   0 

1/1 

13 
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Ul 

ft 

3 

05 
ft 
tn 

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Ul 

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ft 
rt 

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Cu  ft 

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S-7Q 

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3  2, 

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p 

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P* 

p 

o 

s 

w 

a 

in 

5s 

8 

n 

rt 

8 

o 

i 

I 

3 

99° 

691 

0.70 

4OO 

19,200 

58 

283. 

13,584 

41 

2 

I 

6 

495 

379 

0.75 

360 

17,280 

95 

216. 

10,368 

57 

3 

I 

9 

330 

1.  00 

34° 

16,320 

1  02 

202.5 

9,720 

61 

4 

I 

12 

248 

294 

1.19 

345 

16,560     117 

212. 

10,176 

72 

5 

I 

15 

198 

275 

1-39 

325 

15,600       118 

207.5 

9,960 

75 

6 

I 

24 

165 

199 

1.  21 

275 

13.200       138 

182.5 

8,760 

92 

7 

2 

6 

99° 

574 

0.58 

39° 

18,720        68 

249-5 

11,976 

43 

8 

2 

12 

495 

356 

0.72 

350 

16,800        98 

210. 

IO,o8o 

59 

9 

2 

18 

330 

276 

0.84 

300 

14,400       109 

175-5 

8,424 

64 

10 

2 

24 

248 

255 

1.03 

310 

14,880 

122 

181.5 

8,712 

71 

n 

2 

30 

198 

224      1.13 

280 

13,440 

125 

177-5 

8,520 

79 

12 

2 

48 

165 

143      0.87 

230 

10,040 

161 

146.5 

7,032 

102 

13 

3 

9 

99° 

591      0.60 

340 

16,320 

58 

208. 

9,984 

35 

14 

3 

18 

495 

353 

0.71 

285 

13,680 

81 

164.5 

7,896 

47 

15 

3 

27 

330 

283 

0.86 

285 

13,680 

101 

161. 

7,728 

57 

16 

3 

36 

248 

251 

I.OI 

295 

14,160 

117 

171. 

8,208 

68 

17 

3 

45 

198 

219 

i.  n 

240 

11,520 

no 

146. 

7,008 

67 

18 

4 

12 

99° 

609  ; 

0.62 

355 

17,040 

58 

232. 

11,036 

38 

19 

4 

24 

495 

363 

0-73 

335 

16,080 

92 

203-5 

9,768 

56 

20 

4 

36 

330 

•    311 

0.94 

330 

15,840 

1  06 

197-5 

9,480 

63 

21 

4 

48 

248 

228 

0.92 

270 

12,960 

118 

156. 

7,488 

68 

22 

5 

15 

99° 

614 

0.62 

380 

18,240 

62 

257- 

12,336 

42 

23 

5 

30 

495 

349 

0.71 

320 

15,360 

92 

182. 

8,736 

52 

24 

5 

45 

330 

251 

0.76 

295 

12,160 

.118 

184. 

8,832 

73 

1889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


101 


<   w 


Bushel  per  acre 
air  dry  corn. 

to  *3"  t*-*  ON  ^*  ^f  ro       »o  t>*  ro  t-^  N  O         0s*  to  ro  t--  Tf        tooo 

roOO    Tf-  *-<    HH  \O   t*^  ls%O    ON  **    O   *•<  to  toO   t-*»O    H-I   M    O  O   too 
t^OO  00  00   t^  tooO  00   t-»  r-»O   tooO  t^»  t->*  t-*  to  t--00  OO   *•-*  t-*-00  O 

14 

^TJ 

U    3 

K 

Total. 

t^  COO  O   -<T  ON      O   "t         ON      ONl^nOOi-HOt^i-tONr^ 

N   Q  to  O   «-«   ro  ONOO  O   O    ON  l>»  N  to  toO  too   N   N    ONO  O  O 
OO   O    ON  ONX>  O    ON  ONOO    ONO   to  ONOO  OO  OO  O  OO    ON  OM^SQ    ON  r^ 

Nubbins. 

00    O^O  to  toO  rO  (OOO   ro  O         to  ^         to       O-  ^^    ONO   ^^  "O    ro 

£^2   S^Jo^  ^^"^^^^^2  S^^^a  £rV*? 

Good  ears. 

ONTt-      MONcot^focot^co      M  -  r-vc  vo       -     t^  i-i       co  rt 

<<d-  CO  N   O    ONOO  v£J   O   Oo'oo   >-«ir>rod   «   roi^»  ONO  OO   t^-  ^  ro 

Pounds  ear  corn 
per  bu. 

OO   ON            to  N  M  N   ^  LO  ro  ro  ^00   ^      OO  *+  u^  >-4  o  LO  ^  ^ 

t^-00    ON  ON  ON  i^X)  OOOOOO   O   OOO   l^  ON  O\X)  OO  OO  OO  OO  00  00    O^ 

Pounds  shelled 
corn. 

1 

Total. 

\D         \f)                \f)  LO         ^O         i-O  LO         1O          ^O  *-O         *-O                IO          lO 

O^   t*>»  HN  00  ^o  ^*  i-o  *-O  O  *O  hH  O  OO    ON  O   O  O  *•*  Jt^*OO  ro  O  ro  ON 

ON  ^H   HM    O    ON  t^»  HH   HH   O   O  00  O    O    ON  O    O   t^»  OOO    ON  O    HH  OO 

Nubbins. 

xo  O  *O  »-O  10  »-o             10  w^  10             to  tri             iy~i       to  LO             10 

t^»  ro  t^**  ^"  roO  HH   rOOQ  LO  ro  ^*  t^1*  t"*»  l^*  1^^  ^J"  ON  r*-»00  ro  ONOO  ^o 

Good  ears. 

ir»in       LO            10       m            u->  ir>  10  u-j  10  u^j  u^  to 
N  l^-OO    ONOO  *O  i^iOO  OOOOO   LO^OOOOOO    rOOO  00   t^  ro  t*^»  t^. 

Wt.  ear  corn  for 
100  Ib.  stover. 

>-H   t^*OO   rot^»OO   !*-•  *H   ^00   t^»rOrOf^*ro^"rOTt>  t^»  rOOO   10  O 

Pounds  ear  corn. 

Total. 

\D         VT)  IO  LO         ^O  ^O  lO  i-O         *O                               IO  lLO 

r^^t^.fOt*^N  C   O   ^00  N  roN  O   *4*  ^*  ^  ro  *••   N   Th  rooo   ta- 

Nubbins. 

lO                >^>                LT>  »O  >O  iO         »O  u*>         1O         ir>  i-O  lO  ^O 

N   ro  (OOO  t**»OO   ^  O   rooo  t^-  ON  CS  i-O  M   **  IN*  10  ro  roO   ^~  t^»  O 
00  io  ro  -^   ^         t^»  T^NNHI^        OO^NN^OOrON^OO^N 

Good  ears. 

xo       »o                                      LO       10                  10  »o 

LO^   ^-lOO   *^*O  O  "-1  O  io^-O  10  «  roO  OO  OO   ON  r^oO  HH   M 
ro  ON  O   ^   O  OO  O  O   O   **  00  Is*  i-O  t^»  O   O  r-»  ro  ON  O    Ov  ro  ON  ON 

Wt.  loo  ears. 

Total  ears. 

O    O  00   iOO    ONOO   N   N    ^OO   O  ""»  ON  O   t^*  ro  l>-  «   O   Q   N   ro  N 

Nubbins. 

N   rororororON   rorororOfOCS   roro^rON   rororON   roro 

Good  ears. 

M  inrO"">ONQOO    ON^-IO-'   N    ONrOMOOO   rJ-ioroONt^-t^Tt- 
xoO  t^»  t^*  r^oo  ioO  t>-  t^*oO  OO  i-oO  t**»  t^*  t^»  ioO  l>*O  LOO  t^» 

Ears  harvested  to 
loo  stalks. 

t-»  t^»  «   O   ^f  t^  ^O   N    ON  f^-  ro  ^O  O   N   rooo   ro  ^   «   ro  roOO   N 

ej 

rt 
"rt 

Per  acre. 

W  00  00  00  O   N   O   O   Q  O   Q   *^~O  O   O   N   N   ^*  N  O   O  O  OO   O 
roO   NOO    ONrOOO   Q    ONOO   rOLOrJ-ro  ^OOO   ro  to  N   t->.  (S    r}- 

OO   ro  *"    ONOO  O   r^.  N    ON  ON  f>.  toOO   «    ONOO   r-00    N   O    ON>0   W  CO 

M 

Per  plat. 

0s  ON  ro  O  t^roi^t^O   O  vo-«OO   ^fOCO   -^-00  »o  N    ONX)  O  CO 

Nubbins. 

Per  acre. 

OOM   Tj-Q   ^O   O   "^"O   O   ^f"OO  O   WO   Tj-^r^o   M   O   OO 
N   Ow   ^TO   "^"^ON    ^J*O   'TO    QNt^»ONO   N   ro  to  too   Q   ro 
vO   N  to  to  ^row   O   OO   ^   roM   O   O   ^}~roO   N   '^•roroO^* 

to  r--^-NOJ'-«NOroo$N"*   ^"O  ro  N  N  to  to  ro  W  too  N 

Per  plat. 

to  O   ^t1  ro  O  00  to  to  ro  to  tooo  O  ^  ^MOO  roONN   ONO  to  t^- 

3 
9 

•a 

0 

o 

O 

Per  acre. 

N  OO  O    ^O  00    O    OOO   O   OOO    OOOOOO   O    O    QOOOOO    Tj- 

ro  t^.oo  roOO  "^ONtoO   O   O   "-1  r^  t>»  rooo  ro  N   N  r-.  N  to  ON 

roO  O  r-i»O  to  LOO    ON  t^»  to  to  "^  too  O   ^"  ro  t^**  t^*O   roO  to 

Per  plat. 

ON  **   N   ro  f^O  totot^.t^.toOO   O   «   N   "-"   6   O   O«  l^-O  ro 
O    ^~  T}-  to  N   O   ^   ^~  ro  'T  O    ONOO   N   Tf  ro  O  t^.  to  to  ,Tt~  O   ro  CV 

Kernels  planted. 

O  toooooo  too  toooooo  voO  toOoooo  O  toOoo   O  too 

Inches  bet.  hills. 

roO    ON  N   to  ^-O   (M  OO    rf  O  OO    ONOO   t^-O   to  W    TfO  OO   LO  O   to 

Kernels  in  a  hill. 

M«M«MHHNNNNNNrororororo^Ti-^Tj-iototo 

No.  plat. 

w   N   CO  ^-  "^O   t^OO    ON  O   «   N   ro  ^-  toO   t^OO    ON  O    "-•   N   ro  ^T 

—5 


JQ2  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

The  second  planting  was  made  i'n  five  different  ways — one  kernel 
every  six  inches,  two  kernels  every  twelve  inches,  etc. — and  produced,  on 
an  average,  72  stalks  for  every  100  kernels  planted,  or  at  the  rate  of  i-j,- 
100  stalks  per  acre.  Here  again,  where  only  one  kernel  was  planted  in  a 
hill  a  few  more  stalks — 75  for  every  100  kernels — were  produced;  but  the 
variations  were  slight  between  the  different  methods  of  planting.  While 
twice  as  many  kernels  were  planted  in  the  thickest  planting  as  in  this, 
only  71  per  cent,  more  stalks  were  produced. 

The  third  planting,  which  was  also  made  in  five  different  ways 
• — one  kernel  every  nine  inches,  two  kernels  every  eighteen  inches,  etc. 
— produced,  on  an  average,  88  stalks,  over  one-fourth  more  than  the 
thickest  planting,  for  every  100  kernels  planted,  or  at  the  rate  of  13,940 
stalks  per  acre.  Where  one  kernel  was  planted  every  nine  inches,  over 
TOO  stalks  were  produced  for  every  100  kernels  planted;  where  five  kernels 
were  planted  every  45  inches  76  stalks  were  produced.  But  this  relation- 
ship is  not  borne  out  in  the  intermediate  plantings.  While  three  times  as 
many  kernels  were  planted  in  the  first  planting  as  in  this,  only  about 
twice  as  many  stalks  were  produced. 

The  fourth  planting,  which  was  made  in  four  different  ways — one 
kernel  every  twelve  inches,  two  kernels  every  twenty-four  inches,  etc. — 
produced,  on  an  average,  104  stalks  for  every  too  kernels  planted,  or  at 
the  rate  of  12,350  stalks  per  acre.  Where  there  was  one  kernel  to  a  hill, 
119  stalks  were  produced,  and  the  number  of  stalks  decreased  as  the 
number  of  kernels  to  a  hill  increased,  there  being  but  92  stalks  produced 
where  four  kernels  were  planted  to  the  hill.  While  there  were  four  times 
as  many  kernels  planted  in  the  first  planting  as  in  this,  only  about  two 
and  two-fifths  times  as  many  stalks  were  produced. 

The  fifth  planting,  which  was  made  in  three  different  ways — one 
kernel  every  fifteen  inches,  two  kernels  every  thirty  inches,  and  three 
kernels  every  forty-five  inches — produced,  on  an  average,  121  stalks  for 
every  100  kernels  planted,  or  at  the  rate  of  11,540  stalks  per  acre.  Where 
one  kernel  was  planted  to  a  hill,  considerably  more  stalks — 139,  or  27 
more — were  produced  for  each  100  kernels  planted  than  where  more  than 
one  kernel  was  planted  to  the  hill.  While  five  times  as  many  kernels 
were  planted  in  the  first  planting  as  in  this,  about  two  and  one-half  times 
as  many  stalks  were  produced. 

The  sixth  planting  was  made  in  two  ways — one  kernel  every  24  inches 
and  two  kernels  every  48  inches — and  produced,  on  an  average,  104  stalks 
for  every  100  kernels  planted,  or  at  the  rate  of  6,180  stalks  per  acre.  This 
is  nineteen  less  than  the  fifth  planting.  There  is  a  wide  difference  between 
the  two  methods  of  planting.  Where  one  kernel  was  planted  to  a  hill 
121  stalks  were  produced  for  every  100  kernels  planted;  while  where  100 
kernels  were  planted  two  in  a  hill,  but  87  stalks  were  produced. 

The  variation  in  this  planting  from  the  general  trend  of  results  is  not 
easy  to  understand.  It  was  probably  due  to  some  accidental  circum- 
stance. The  total  number  of  kernels  planted  was  so  small,  that  an  acci- 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  103 

dent  occurring  to  a  few  hills  would  make  a  material  difference  in  the 
result.  Although  the  number  of  stalks  produced  in  the  last  planting  was 
somewhat  lower  than  might  have  been  expected,  yet  the  number  of  stalks 
produced  in  the  first  planting  was  only  a  little  over  three  and  one-half 
times  the  number  produced  in  this  planting,  notwithstanding  eight  times 
as  many  kernels  were  planted. 

Looking  at  it  from  this  point  only,  it  would  seem  that  the  third  and 
fourth  plantings  gave  results  this  season  that  are  the  most  to  be  desired. 
To  plant  so  many  kernels  that  many  of  the  plants  would  be  crowded  out 
of  existance  would  probably  be  injurious  to  the  surviving  ones;  on  the 
other  hand,  to  plant  such  a  small  number  of  kernels  that  suckers  are  pro- 
duced to  make  up  the  deficiency  would  seem  unprofitable.  The  sucker, 
getting  started  so  much  later  and  being  but  an  offshoot  from  another 
stalk,  will  not  reach  the  same  development  as  the  independent  plant  which 
started  at  the  proper  time.  This  will  be  still  further  illustrated  under  the 
next  heading. 

With  the  same  rate  of  planting,  more  stalks  were  produced  where 
but  one  kernel  was  planted  in  a  hill;  but  there  was  hardly  any  difference 
whether  it  was  two,  three,  or  four  kernels  to  a  hill.  For  instance,  taking 
an  average  of  the  first  four  plantings,  where  one  kernel  was  planted  to  a 
hill  91  stalks  were  produced  for  every  100  kernels  planted.  With  two, 
three,  and  four  kernels  per  hill  there  were  79,  79^2,  and  80  stalks,  respec- 
tively, per  100  kernels  planted. 

Weight  of  stalks  and  ears. — Before  proceeding  to  a  discussion  of  the 
yields  of  the  different  degrees  of  thickness  and  methods  of  planting,  it 
may  be  worth  the  while  to  consider  the  development  of  the  individual 
plant  under  these  various  conditions,  as  indicated  by  the  weight,  both 
absolute  and  relative,  of  stalk  and  ear. 

The  average  weight  of  one  hundred  stalks  of  corn-fodder,*  that  is 
stover  and  ears,  from  the  first  planting  was  61  pounds;  of  stover,  40 
pounds;  of  ears,  33  pounds,  and  for  every  100  pounds  of  stover  produced, 
52  pounds  of  ear  corn  were  produced.  The  heaviest  stalks  of  corn- 
fodder,  of  corn-stover,  and  the  heaviest  ears  in  this  planting  were  where 
two  kernels  were  planted  every  six  inches.  It  has  heretofore  been  shown 
that  a  less  number  of  stalks  were  harvested  per  acre.  The  greatest 
weight  of  ears  in  proportion  to  stover,  100  pounds  of  stover  to  63  pounds 
of  ear  corn,  was  where  three  kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill.  Next  to  this 
was  where  two  kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill.  With  these  exceptions 
there  was  but  little  variation  in  the  results  from  the  different  methods  of 
planting  at  this  thickness. 

The  average  weight  of  100  stalks  of  corn-fodder  from  the  second 
planting  was  92  pounds;  of  stover,  54;  of  ears  51,  and  for  every  100 
pounds  of  stover  produced  69  pounds  of  ear  corn  was  produced.  This 
is  31,  14,  18,  and  17  pounds,  respectively,  more  than  the  first  planting. 

*  By  corn-stover  is  meant  the  residue  of  the  mature  corn  plant  after  the  removal  of  ears;  by  corn-fodd«", 
.both  ears  and  stalks,  as  proposed  by  Prof.  Armsby,  Report  Penn.  State  College  Exp't  Sta.,  Part  II.,  145. 


104  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

There  was  a  variation  in  weight  of  corn-fodder  between  two  kernels  every 
12  inches  and  three  kernels  every  18  inches  of  17  pounds;  of  stover  of  12 
pounds  in  favor  of  the  former  method  of  planting;  and  a  variation  between 
four  and  five  kernels  in  a  hill  of  u  pounds  of  ear  corn  for  every  100 
pounds  of  stover  produced;  otherwise  there  was  but  little  variation  in 
the  results  from  the  different  methods  of  planting. 

The  average  weight  of  100  stalks  of  corn-fodder  from  the  third  plant- 
ing was  107  pounds;  of  stover,  63;  of  ears,  60;  and  for  every  100  pounds 
of  stover  produced  69  pounds  of  ear  corn  was  produced.  This  is  46,  23, 
27,  and  17  pounds,  respectively,  more  than  the  first  planting.  The  aver- 
age weight  of  100  stalks  of  fodder  and  of  stover,  and  of  100  ears  was  15, 
9,  and  9  pounds,  respectively,  more  than  the  second  planting,  while  there 
was  no  difference  in  the  weight  of  ear  corn  per  100  pounds  of  stover. 
The  variation  of  weight  of  corn-fodder  was  17  pounds;  of  corn-stover, 
16;  and  of  weight  of  ear  corn  per  100  pounds  of  stover,  of  17  pounds, 
between  plats  planted  three  and  five  kernels  to  a  hill.  In  the  first  two 
cases  it  was  in  favor  of  the  former  and  in  the  last  case  in  favor  of  the 
latter.  Otherwise  the  variations  were  not  marked. 

The  average  weight  of  100  stalks  of  corn-fodder  from  the  fourth 
planting  was  119  pounds;  of  stover,  70;  of  ears,  64;  and  for  every  100 
pounds  of  stover  there  were  70  pounds  of  ear  corn.  The  variations  from 
the  average  were  not  marked  in  this  case. 

The  average  weight  of  100  stalks  of  corn-fodder  in  the  fifth  planting 
was  118  pounds;  of  stover,  74;  of  ears,  63,  and  there  were  60  pounds  of 
ear  corn  for  every  100  pounds  of  stover.  The  heaviest  stalks  of  corn- 
fodder  and  of  stover  and  heaviest  ears  were  where  two  kernels  were 
planted  to  a  hill,  and  the  lightest  where  three  kernels  were  planted  to  a 
hill.  The  least  weight  of  corn  to  stover  was  where  one  kernel,  and  the 
greatest  where  three  kernels,  were  planted  to  a  hill. 

The  average  weight  of  100  stalks  of  corn-fodder  in  the  sixth  planting 
was  150  pounds;  of  stover,  97;  of  ears,  70  pounds,  while  there  were  but 
54  pounds  of  ear  corn  for  every  100  pounds  of  stover. 

To  recapitulate,  the  average  weight  of  100  stalks  of  corn  varied  from 
6 1  pounds  in  the  first  and  thickest  planting  to  150  pounds  in  the  sixth 
and  thinnest  planting,  there  being  a  somewhat  regular  although  not  con- 
stant increase  from  the  thickest  to  the  thinnest  planting.  The  average 
weight  of  100  stalks  of  stover  varied  from  40  pounds  in  the  thickest 
planting  to  97  pounds  in  the  thinnest  planting,  while  the  weight  of  100 
ears  raised  from  33  pounds  to  70  pounds.  But  the  weight  of  stalks 
increased  more  than  the  weight  of  ears.  Up  to  the  fourth  planting,  how- 
ever, the  ears  increased  in  weight  faster  than  the  stalks,  which  indicates 
that,  in  this  case,  neither  the  thickest  nor  thinnest  planting  was  best  for 
the  production  of  corn.  This  is  also  indicated  by  the  weight  of  ear  corn 
to  100  pounds  of  stover;  which  was  largest  in  the  second,  third,  and 
fourth,  and  considerably  less  in  the  other  plantings.  In  the  thickest 
planting  the,  the  stalks  could  not  develop  the  earsj  probably  from  lack  of 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN — 1888.  105 

available  food  supply;  in  the  thinner  planting,  the  stalks  budded  larger 
than  they  could  realize  in  corn,  and,  probably,  more  suckers,  which  con- 
tained few  and  imperfect  ears,  were  thrown  up  to  make  use  of  the  avail- 
able food  supply.  More  plants  would  have  made  better  use  of  the  land, 
and  the  plants  would  have  developed  more  perfectly. 

In  this  experiment,  the  development  of  the  plant  seems  to  have 
depended  mostly  upon  the  thickness  of  planting,  and  but  little  upon  the 
method  of  distribution.  Although  there  were  some  very  marked  varia- 
tions there  was,  in  general,  a  great  uniformity  of  results.  To  a  small 
extent,  however,  better  development  was  obtained  where  two  or  three 
kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill  than  where  one. or  four  kernels  were  planted. 
Taking  an  average  of  the  first  four  plantings,  with  one,  two,  three,  and 
four  kernels  to  the  hill,  100  stalks  of  corn-fodder  weighed  93,  99,  89,  and 
94  pounds;  corn-stover,  58,  59,  52,  and  56  pounds;  100  ears,  51,  54,  53, 
and  51  pounds;  and  for  every  100  pounds  of  corn-stover  there  was  60, 
66,  72,  and  64  pounds  of  ear  corn.  That  is,  the  ears  were  larger,  and 
more  corn  in  proportion  to  stover  was  produced  where  two  or  three 
kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill  than  when  one  or  four  kernels  were  planted. 

Number  of  ears. — The  number  of  ears  per  acre  varied  from  18,932  in 
plat  i,  one  of  the  thickest  planted  plats,  to  5,664  in  plat  12,  one  of  the 
thinnest  planted  plats;  about  three  and  one-third  times  as  many  in  one 
case  as  in  the  other.  This  would  materially  affect  the  cost  of  harvesting; 
and,  unless  there  is  a  considerable  increase  in  yield,  the  increase  in  ears 
would  be  undesirable. 

The  average  number  of  ears  per  acre  from  the  first  planting  was 
18,397;  from  the  second,  12,749;  from  the  third,  10,013;  from  the  fourth, 
9,384;  from  the  fifth,  7,616;  from  the  sixth,  6,048.  For  every  100  good 
ears,  there  were  370,  97,  51,  33,  43,  and  28  nubbins,  respectively. 

Taking  an  average  of  the  first  four  plantings,  the  number  of  ears  pro- 
duced per  acre  with  one  kernel  to  a  hill  was  13,529;  with  two,  12,504; 
with  three,  12,216;  with  four,  12,649.  There  was  little  difference  in  the 
number  of  ears  produced  whether  two,  three,  or  four  kernels  were  planted 
to  a  hill,  while  there  were  somewhat  more  ears  produced  where  but  one 
kernel  was  planted  to  a  hill.  It  has  been  shown  that  where  two  and  three 
kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill,  the  ears  were  a  little  larger  than  where  but 
one  was  planted. 

For  every  100  stalks  there  were  in  the  first  planting  62  ears;  in  the 
second,  74;  in  the  third,  72;  in  the  fourth,  76;  in  the  fifth,  66;  in  the  sixth, 
75.  If  we  may  assume  that  the  results  in  plat  12  were  somewhat  abnor- 
mal, as  heretofore  mentioned,  there  were,  in  general,  fewer  barren  stalks  on 
the  intermediate  planting  than  in  either  the  thickest  or  thinnest  planting. 

Yield. — The  average  yield  of  corn-fodder,  approximately,  was,  for  the 
first  planting  9  tons  per  acre;  the  second,  8;  the  third,  7^;  the  fourth, 
iy2;  the  fifth,  6^;  and  the  sixth,  5  4-5.  The  average  yield  of  stover, 
approximately,  was  6,  4^,  4  2-5,  4^3,  4%,  and  4  tons  per  acre,  respec- 


106  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

tively.  The  average  yield  of  shelled  corn,  approximately,  was  89,  95,  87, 
83,  72,  and  60  bushels  per  acre,  respectively.  Of  this  quantity  32,  64,  71? 
74,  61,  and  55  bushels,  respectively,  were  obtained  from  the  good  ears; 
and  57,  31,  16,  13,  u,  and  5  bushels  from  the  nubbins. 

While  the  largest  yield  of  corn -fodder  and  of  stover  came  from  the 
thickest  planting — one  kernel  every  three  inches,  two  kernels  every  six 
inches,  etc. — the  largest  yield  of  shelled  corn  came  from  the  second  plant- 
ing— one  kernel  every  six  inches,  two  kernels  every  twelve  inches,  etc.; 
and  the  largest  yield  of  corn  from  good  ears  came  from  fourth  planting — 
one  kernel  every  twelve  inches,  two  kernels  every  twenty-four  inches, 
etc.;  and  it  was  nearly  equaled  by  the  third  planting — one  kernel  every 
nine,  two  every  eighteen,  etc.  The  second  planting  produced  eight  bushels 
more  shelled  corn  than  the  fourth,  but  the  fourth  produced  ten  bushels 
more  corn  from  good  ears/  To  harvest  the  second  planting  required  in 
this  case  the  husking  of  12,700  ears;  and  to  harvest  the  fourth  planting, 
9,400  ears,  approximately. 

Taking  the  average  of  the  first  four  plantings,  where  one  kernel  was 
planted  to  a  hill  the  yield  was  92.8  bushels  per  acre;  two  kernels,  93.4; 
three  kernels,  87.4;  four  kernels,  87.8;  and  of  shelled  corn  from  good  ears 
there  were  60  i,  66,  57.6,  and  60.2  bushels  per  acre,  respectively.  There 
was  a  little  more  corn,  and  considerable  more  corn  from  good  ears,  where 
two  kernels  were  planted  to  a  hill. 

Experiment  No.  6.     Corn,  Planting  in  Hills  or  Drills. 

This  experiment  was  made  to  supplement  Experiment  No.  5.  In 
that  experiment  the  cultivation  was  the  same  whether  there  was  one 
kernel  every  foot  or  three  kernels  every  three  feet.  In  ordinary  practice, 
however,  if  corn  is  planted  in  hills,  it  is  cultivated  both  ways;  while,  if 
planted  in  drills,  it  can  be  cultivated  but  one  way.  An  acre  of  land  was 
divided  into  two  plats,  each  8xio  rods.  One  plat  was  planted  in  drills 
with  a  corn-planter,  one  to  three  kernels  of  Burr's  white  dent  corn  every 
sixteen  inches;  the  other  was  planted  in  hills  3  feet  8  inches  apart,  two  to 
four  kernels  in  a  hill.  It  was  hoped  by  this  means  to  plant  nearly  equal 
quantities  of  seed  on  each  plat.  It  was  found,  however,  that  four  pounds 
were  used  in  planting  the  corn  in  hills  and  four  and  one-half  in  planting 
in  drills.  Besides,  it  was  found  that  on  the  drilled  plat  six  rows  had  been 
missed  by  the  planter.  These  were  subsequently  planted,  but  were  not 
used  in  calculating  the  yield.  The  rate  of  planting,  therefore,  was  rather 
more  than  five  pounds  for  this  plat.  In  planting,  the  size  of  the  plats  was 
ascertained  only  approximately,  but  it  was  accurately  ascertained,  before 
harvesting. 

In  the  season  of  1887,  the  land  was  in  mammoth  clover.  May  i, 
1888,  it  was  plowed  four  inches  deep;  May  i4th  and  i5th,  the  land  was 
rolled,  pulverized  twice  with  a  disk  harrow  and  once  with  a  common 
tooth  harrow.  May  i6th,  the  corn  was  planted.  June  ist,  the  land  was 
harrowed.  June  5th,  both  plats  were  cultivated  east  and  west  with  a 


1889  ]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  ID/ 

shallow  cultivator,  and  again,  June  2oth,  with  a  deep  cultivator.  July 
4th,  the  plat  planted  in  hills  was  cultivated  north  and  south,  and  the 
drilled  plat  was  cultivated  east  and  west,  with  a  deep  cultivator.  The 
cultivation  was  unfortunate,  in  that  it  was  not  with  a  deep  cultivator 
the  first  time  and  that  the  plat  planted  in  hills  was  not  cultivated  cross- 
wise at  the  second  time. 

November  i2th,  the  ear  corn  on  the  plat  which  was  planted  in  hills 
weighed  2,740  pounds,  or,  at  70  pounds  to  the  bushel,  78  bushels  per  acre. 
The  ear  corn  on  five  sixths  of  the  drilled  plat,  one-sixth  of  the  plat  having 
been  missed  in  planting,  as  heretofore  mentioned,  weighed  2,300  pounds, 
or  at  the  rate  of  2,760  pounds  per  plat,  almost  exactly  the  same  as  on  the 
plat  planted  in  hills.  Although  the  test  lacks  the  thoroughness  desirable, 
the  result  is  similar  to  results  obtained  in  Experiment  No.  5,  viz.,  no 
marked  differences  from  different  methods  of  planting. 

Experiment  No.  8.     Corn,  Frequency  of  Cultivation. 

The  land  used  in  this  experiment  is  the  same  as  that  used  in  the  two 
succeeding  experiments,  and  all  that  relates  to  the  nature  of  the  land,  its 
preparation,  the  planting  of  the  seed,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  crop  will 
be  discussed  here  once  for  all. 

In  the  season  of  1887,  the  land  was  in  mammoth  clover.  May  2, 
1888,  it  was  plowed  about  four  inches  deep.  May  4th,  the  land  was  rolled, 
pulverized  once  with  a  disk  harrow,  twice  with  a  common  tooth  harrow, 
and  marked,  the  furrows  being  3  feet  8  inches  apart  each  way.  May  5th, 
eight  plats,  approximately  2x8  rods  each,  or,  more  exactly,  9x35  hills — a 
little  less  than  one-tenth  of  an  acre — were  planted,  four  kernels  to  the  hill, 
with  Burr's  white  dent  corn.  The  space  of  one  row  was  left  between  suc- 
cessive plats.  The  land  was  moist.  May  i4th,  the  corn  was  coming  up 
and  was  rolled.  In  order  to  observe  the  result  of  different  amounts  of 
cultivation  on  the  yield  of  corn  it  was  arranged  to  cultivate  very  frequently 
plat  8  with  a  deep  cultivator,  a  John  Deere  being  ordinarly  used,  and  plat 
7  with  shallow  cultivator,  the  Tower  being  ordinarily  used;  to  cultivate 
the  usual  number  of  times  plat  6  with  a  deep  and  plat  5  with  a  shallow 
cultivator,  the  ordinary  amount  being  given;  to  cultivate  plat  4  with  a 
deep  and  plat  3  with  a  shallow  cultivator,  as  in  plats  5  and  6,  except  that 
the  cultivation  was  to  be  continued  past  the  ordinary  time  of  laying 
corn  by;  to  remove  the  weeds  from  plat  2  without  any  cultivation  and 
with  the  least  possible  disturbance  of  the  soil;  and  to  hoe  in  the  ordinary 
way,  for  purposes  of  comparison,  plat  i  in  Experiment  No.  9;  Depth  of 
Cultivation. 

The  table  on  page  108  gives  the  quantity  and  kind  of  cultivation  of 
the  different  plats.  The  cultivation  of  these  plats  was  all  one  way,  as 
cross-cultivation  was  not  practicable,  since  the  plats  receiving  different 
quantities  of  cultivation  were  adjacent.  Plat  i  was  hoed,  the  ground 
being  stirred  one  or  two  inches  deep,  and  plat  2  had  its  weeds  removed 
by  scraping  the  surface  with  a  sharp  hoe,  which  barely  moved  the  surface 


io8 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_February, 


of  the  soil.  May  26th  and  3ist,  and  June  8th  and  2oth,  plat  5  was  culti- 
vated shallow  and  plat  6  de«p;  plats  3  and  4,  on  these  dates,  and  also 
July  i3th  and  August  ist.  Between  May  25th  and  June  25th,  a  period  of 
thirty  days,  plats  7  and  8  were  cultivated  twelve  times,  or  three  times  as 
often  as  is  usually  done. 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  CULTIVATION  OF  PLATS  IN  EXPERIMENTS  8,  9,  AND  10. 


Date. 

Plat  I. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4. 

Plat-  5. 

Plat  6. 

Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

May  14  

Rolled  . 

Rolled  . 

Rolled.. 

Rolled  . 

Rolled  . 

Rolled.. 

Rolled  . 

Rolled  . 

May  26  

Hoed  .  . 

Scraped 

Shallow 

Deep  .  , 

Shallow 

Deep  .  .  . 

Shallow 

Deep..  . 

Mav  31. 

Hoed 

Scraped 

Shallow 

Deep  .  .  . 

Shallow 

Deep  .  . 

Shallow 

Deep  .  . 

June  2  

Shallow 

Deep..  . 

June  &.   . 

Shallow 

Deep  .  . 

June  6   

Shallow 

i  "eep  ..  . 

June  8  

Hoed 

Scraped 

Shallow 

Deep  .  . 

Shallow 

Deep.  .  . 

Shallow 

Deep  ..  . 

fune  n  

Shallow 

Deep..  . 

Tune  IT. 

Shallow 

Deep  .  . 

June  15  

Shallow 

Deep..  . 

June  18   . 

Shallow 

Deep  .  . 

June  19.  .  .  •] 
June  20  

Hoed  .  . 

Scraped 

Hoed 
in  row. 
Shallow 

Hoed  in 
row  .    .  . 
Deep  .  .  . 

Hoed 
in  row.  . 
Shallow 

Hoed 
i  n  row  . 
Deep.   . 

Hoed 
in  row.. 
Shallow 

Hoed 
in  row  . 
Deep..  . 

Tune  25    . 

Shallow 

Deep..  . 

•>   ,        •> 
July  13 

Shallow 

Deep 

Tuly  20.  .  . 

Scraped 

Scraped 

August  I    . 

Shallow 

Deep 

Effect  of  the  cultivation  upon  the  soil  and  upon  the  weeds. — The  shallow 
cultivator  stirred  the  ground  about  one  inch  deep  and  left  the  ground 
rather  level.  However,  the  cultivation  being  all  in  one  direction  the 
result  was  to  ridge  the  ground  somewhat.  The  nearest  points  of  opposite 
blades  of  cultivator  were  ten  inches,  and  in  some  cases  further  apart,  this 
seeming  to  be  as  close  as  it  was  practicable  to  run  the  blades  where  the 
corn  was  in  hills.  The  deep  cultivation  was  at  least  three  inches  deep, 
and  left  the  ground  ridged  and  uneven,  sometimes  rather  more  ridged 
than  usual,  because  the  ground  was  too  moist  in  a  few  cases  for  the  best 
cultivation.  It  was  ascertained  by  measurement  that  the  cultivator  did  not 
usually  run  nearer  than  five  inches,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  roots  were 
not  cut  on  an  average  nearer  than  six  inches  from  the  center  of  the  hill. 

Examination,  May  28th,  after  heavy  rains,  showed  that  the  weeds  were 
somewhat  better  destroyed  by  the  deep  than  by  the  shallow  cultivation. 
More  weeds  were  left  both  in  the  row  and  between  the  rows  by  the  latter 
mode.  This  was  found  to  be  the  case,  usually,  after  each  cultivation. 

June  ipth,  it  was  found  that  the  shallow  cultivated  plats,  plats  3,  5, 
and  7,  had  many  weeds  in  the  rows,  while  the  deep  cultivated  plats  had 
but  few.  As  these  would  have  been  removed  had  it  been  practicable  to 
cultivate  both  ways,  and  as  it  was  desired  to  study  the  effect  of  deep  and 
shallow  cultivation  and  of  quantity  of  cultivation,  uninfluenced  by  other 
causes,  the  weeds  were  removed  with  a  hoe  with  as  little  cultivation  as 
practicable.  So,  also,  it  was  found  July  2oth  that  grass  was  tall  and  thick 
on  plat  2,  but  shorter  and  thinner  on  plat  i,  and  it  was  removed  by  scrap- 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


109 


ing  the  plats  with  a  hoe.  Plats  3  and  4  were  left  much  freer  from  grass 
and  weeds  than  the  other  plats  on  account  of  the  cultivation  subsequent 
to  tasseling. 

Field  notes. — July  icth,  there  were  occasional  tassels,  and  they  were 
apparently  in  equal  quantities  on  the  different  plats.  July  i8th,  the  corn 
was  pretty  fully  in  tassel.  Plat  i  was  more  vigorous  than  plat  2  and  was, 
probably,  the  most  vigorous  plat.  Plats  4,  6,  and  8,  the  deep  cultivated 
plats,  seemed  hardly  so  vigorous  or  so  far  advanced  as  plats  3,  5,  and  7, 
the  shallow  cultivated  plats.  September  i4th,  the  corn  was  out  of  the 
way  of  frost.  No  difference  was  observable  in  stage  of  ripeness,  except 
that,  possibly,  plats  3  and  4  seemed  a  little  greener.  At  this  time  the 
general  appearance  of  the  corn  indicated  that  plat  i  was  the  best,  plat  2 
the  poorest,  and  no  difference  could  be  observed  between  the  three  deep 
and  the  three  shallow  cultivated  plats,  nor  between  those  cultivated  more 
and  less  frequently,  except  as  just  stated;  and  it  may  be  said  that  se'veral 
men,  some  of  large  experience  in  corn  raising,  examined  the  corn  about 
this  time  and  there  was  a  practical  unanimity  of  opinion  on  this  point. 
The  indications  did  not  prove  correct,  however,  for  while  plat  i  produced 
the  largest  yield,  plat  2  gave  by  no  means  the  least;  and  there  was  an 
appreciable  difference  between  the  yield  of  the  deep  and  shallow  culti- 
vated plats. 

Yield. — November  23d  each  of  the  thirty-five  rows  nine  hills,  or  two 
rods,  long  of  each  plat  was  husked  and  weighed.  A  fifty-pound  sample 
yielded  42  pounds  of  shelled  corn.  The  table,  page  no,  gives  the  weights 
in  detail,  the  total  weight  in  pounds  per  plat,  and  the  calculated  number 
of  bushels  per  acre. 

The  following  table  gives  a  summary  of  the  results: 


2 
P 

Kind  of  cultivation. 

"0 

o 

T3    = 
n>  &, 

•1     U3 

T3    ft 
!r-  P 
P    i 

•     o 

0 

3 

Bushels  per 
acre. 

Average. 

i 

Hoed,  ordinary  

621  5 

06 

2 

None,  weeds  removed  by  scraping  surface  .  . 
Shallow,  twice  after  tlisselling    

584-5 
61  1 

90. 

)  0 

4 

Deep,  twice  after  tasselling  

cc-j  e 

8;  2 

89.7 

5 

Shallow,  ordinary  

600 

Q-J     8 

i 

6 

Deep,  ordinary  

eci   c 

&1  0 

[89.4 

7 

Shallow,  frequent  

614 

! 

8 

Deep,  frequent  

SA  c 

89.6 

' 

There  is,  practically,  no  difference  in  the  yield  between  the  two  plats 
5  and  6,  which  were  given  the  ordinary  amount  of  cultivation,  and  plats 
7  and  8,  which  were  given  three  times  the  ordinary  amount  of  cultivation; 
neither  was  there  any  better  yield  from  those  plats  which  were  cultivated 
twice  after  the  usual  time  of  laying  corn  by.  The  only  benefit  derived 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\Februaryt 


from  this  cultivation  was  tbat  the  land  was  much  freer  from   weeds,  the 
effect  of  which  another  season  is  yet  to  be  observed. 

It  may  be  well  to  remind  the  reader  that  the  season  was  unusually 
favorable  for  corn,  and  that  the  land  was  newly  broken  sod,  which  is 
generally  conceded  to  require  less  cultivation  than  old  land,  and  that 
final  judgment  may  be  wisely  delayed  until  the  experiment  can  be  repeated 
several  years  on  the  same  land. 

TABLE  SHOWING  POUNDS  OF  EAR  CORN   PER   Row  AND   PER   PLAT,  AND  BUSHELS 

PER  ACRE. 


Row  . 

Plat  i. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4. 

Plat  5. 

Plat  6. 

Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

i 

2C. 

16.5 

13-5 

18. 

19 

-  '9- 

19. 

1  1.  5 

2 

2O. 

17-5 

16. 

17-5 

17- 

15- 

18. 

15- 

3 

15. 

16.5 

IS- 

16. 

15. 

15- 

15-5 

13- 

4 

1  8. 

1  8. 

20. 

15- 

18.5 

15- 

20.5 

16. 

5 

18.5 

18. 

16. 

16. 

14. 

16. 

15- 

16.5 

6 

•    18. 

195 

14-5 

18.5 

19  5 

15-5 

18. 

14. 

7 

20. 

17-5 

17-5 

.6.5 

18. 

17- 

16.5 

17- 

8 

195 

1  8. 

1  8. 

16.5 

18.     ' 

16. 

17- 

17- 

.9 

17-5 

17- 

17-5 

15-5 

16.5 

16.5 

17-5 

18.5 

10 

1  8. 

18. 

20. 

18. 

20. 

16.5 

16. 

»5-5 

u 

"•5 

14-5 

195 

16.5 

16.' 

H5 

17- 

17- 

12 

18-5 

19. 

16.5 

14. 

19. 

16.5 

17- 

165 

13 

17- 

15-5 

19.5 

1.8. 

12.5 

14. 

17- 

16.5 

H 

16. 

16.5 

19-5 

135 

17-5 

16.5 

17-              15- 

15 

1  8. 

14-5 

16.5 

>5-5 

16. 

15-5 

14. 

'3  5- 

16 

1  6. 

17- 

18.5 

19. 

185 

17- 

17- 

165 

i? 

17- 

15- 

18.5 

i5- 

19. 

17- 

18.5 

H-5 

18 

20.5 

17-5 

15-5 

14-5 

15-5 

15-5 

18. 

15-5 

'9 

20. 

16. 

16.5 

13- 

20.5 

15- 

16. 

H-S 

20 

16. 

16. 

16.5 

16.5 

16.5 

15- 

18.5 

!8.5 

21 

14. 

145 

18. 

'5-5 

17-5 

13- 

15-5 

'35 

22 

'95 

16.5 

15. 

1  6. 

18.5 

17- 

17- 

16.     . 

23 

16.5 

15-5 

1  8. 

16- 

17-5 

13- 

1  8. 

15- 

24 

1  8. 

15-5 

18. 

»7-5 

1  8. 

15-5 

18. 

1C. 

25 

1  8. 

1  6. 

16.5 

15- 

19. 

14. 

IS- 

17- 

26 

18.5 

17-5 

19. 

12-5 

1  6. 

18. 

18.5 

15-5 

27 

16.5 

15-5 

17- 

14. 

'95 

14-5 

18.5 

16.5 

28 

16. 

17-5 

18. 

16.5 

15-5 

16.5 

'7- 

17-5 

29 

17- 

16.5 

18. 

1  6. 

H-S 

16.5 

19-5 

•  16. 

30 

19. 

18. 

16.5 

16. 

IQ. 

15-5 

16.5 

16. 

31 

17- 

»7-5 

19.5 

H-5 

1  8. 

15-5 

20. 

16.5 

32 

'7-5 

15- 

18.5 

15- 

i85 

14. 

I6.5 

17- 

33 

17- 

13- 

17- 

i7- 

14. 

1  6. 

I95 

15- 

34 

20. 

19. 

20. 

16. 

20. 

19. 

20. 

16.5 

35    . 

22. 

19. 

17- 

13- 

17- 

15-5 

21.5 

14. 

Lbs.. 

621.5 

584.5 

611 

553-5 

609 

551-5 

614 

549 

Bu.  .. 

96.0                90.0 

94.1 

85.2 

93-8 

84.9 

946 

845 

Experiment  No.  9.     Corn,  Depth  of  Cultivation. 

Everything  relating  to  the  care  of  the  crop  in  this  experiment  has 
been  discussed  under  Experiment  No.  8. 

Three  plats  which  were  cultivated  with  a  shallow  cultivator,  one  four 
times,  one  four  times  during  the  season  and  twice  after  tasseling,  and  one 
twelve  times  during  the  season,  yielded  about  94,  94,  and  94^2  bushels 
per  acre,  respectively — an  average  of  a  little  more  than  94  bushels;  while 
three  plats  cultivated  with  ordinary  deep  cultivator  yielded  85,  85,  and 


1889.]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  Ill 

841/2  bushels  per  acre,  respectively — an  average  of  a  little  less  than  85 
bushels.  There  was  on  an  average  9  bushels  more  produced  on  the 
shallow  cultivated  plats  than  on  the  deep  cultivated  plats.  Plat  2,  which 
received  no  cultivation,  but  had  the  weeds  removed  by  scraping  the  sur- 
face with  a  sharp  hoe,  yielded  at  the  rate  of  90  bushels  per  acre,  which  is 
four  bushels  below  the  yield  of  the  shallow  cultivated  plats  and  five 
bushels  above  the  deep  cultivated  crops;  and  plat  i,  hoed  in  the  ordinary 
manner,  yielded  96  bushels  to  the  acre,  or  a  little  more  than  the  plats 
which  were  cultivated  shallow  with  the  machine.  That  is,  the  shallow 
cultivation,  in  this  case,  was  better  than  no  cultivation  and  no  cultivation 
was  better  than  deep  cultivation.  This  might  seem  to  indicate  that  in 
this  experiment  a  certain  amount  of  judicious  cultivation  of  the  soil  was 
beneficial,  while  too  much  disturbance  of  the  soil  was  harmful.  This 
may  or  may  not  express  a  general  truth;  but  there  is  another  possible 
reason  why  the  plat  which  was  not  cultivated  did  not  yield  as  well  as  that 
which  was  cultivated  shallow.  As  already  said,  July  2oth,  since  the 
method  of  removing  the  weeds  was  less  effective  on  plat  2,  the  grass  on 
this  plat  was  thick  and  tall,  while  it  was  much  shorter  and  thinner  on. 
other  plats.  This  was  a  critical  period  for  the  corn  plant,  and,  possibly, 
the  smaller  yield  may  have  been  as  much  on  account  of  the  greater 
number  of  weeds  as  on  account  of  the  less  pulverization  of  the  soil.  The 
corn  raiser  need  not  congratulate  himself  that  he  can  raise  corn  without 
giving  cultivation  of  some  kind.  The  point  at  issue  is  whether  the  cul- 
tivation should  be  for  the  purpose  of  both  removing  the  weeds  and 
stirring  the  soil,  or  whether  it  is  only  desirable  to  give  the  land  such 
cultivation  as  will  keep  it  free  from  weeds. 

Experiment  No.  10.     Corn,  Effect  of  Root- Pruning. 

Every  other  row  of  the  thirty- five  rows,  2  rods  long,  of  each  of  the 
eight  plats  described  in  Experiment  No.  8,  was  root-pruned  about  three 
inches  deep. 

It  was  determined  by  measurement  that  an  ordinary  cultivator  usu- 
ally runs  not  nearer  than  five  inches,  and  it  is  believed  that  roots  were 
not  cut,  on  an  average,  nearer  than  six  inches  from  the  center  of  the  hill. 
A  frame,  one  foot  square,  therefore,  was  placed  over  the  hill  and  a  butcher- 
knife  was  drawn  along  the  edges  of  this  frame.  The  corn  was  root-pruned 
three  times,  at  the  time  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  and  last  ordinary 
cultivations.  The  first  time  it  was  root-pruned,  May  3ist-June  ist,  the 
corn  was  six  to  ten  inches  high,  to  tip  of  leaves.  The  last  time  it  was 
root-pruned,  June  2oth-2ist,  it  was  three  to  four  feet  high,  to  tip  of  leaves. 
At  the  first  and  second  pruning,  a  gauge  was  placed  on  the  butcher- knife, 
which  allowed  it,  when  held  vertical,  to  cut  three  and  three-eighths  inches 
deep,  but  as  in  practice  it  was  not  held  strictly  vertical,  it  is  believed  that  the 
effective  cutting  depth  was  three  inches.  At  the  last  pruning,  the  knife  cut 
four  inches  deep;  but  the  dirt  was  so  ridged  about  plats  3  to  8  that,  it  is 
believed,  the  knife  did  not  cut  deeper  than  before,  unless  in  plats  i  and  2. 


112 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


No  difference  was  at  any  time  observed  between  the  pruned  and  un- 
pruned  rows  in  regard  to  size,  vigor,  or  stage  of  maturity. 

The  yields  of  seventeen  pruned  and  seventeen  unpruned  rows  from 
each  plat  are  compared  in  detail  below.  The  table  on  page  113  gives  a 
summary  of  the  results: 

TABLE  SHOWING  POUNDS  OF  CORN  IN  EACH  OF  17  PRUNED  AND  17  UNPRUNED  Rows; 
AND  POUNDS  PER  PLAT  FOR  PRUNED  AND  UNPRUNED  Rows. 


Row. 

Plat  I. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4. 

Plat  5. 

P!at  6. 

Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

(  P  uned    

23. 

16."; 

17.  C 

1  8. 

IQ. 

IQ. 

IQ. 

II.  S 

/  Unpruned  

2O. 

17-  ^ 

1  6. 

17-  "> 

17- 

IS- 

IX 

IS. 

(  Pruned  

IS- 

i6.s 

I<H 

1  6. 

15. 

IS- 

IS-S 

17. 

|  Unpruned  

18. 

18. 

2O. 

IS. 

18.; 

K- 

2O.  S 

16. 

(  Pruned    

18.5 

18. 

1  6. 

16. 

14. 

16. 

15. 

i6.s 

(  Unpruned  

18. 

10.5 

14.? 

18  5 

IQ-"> 

J  v  S 

14. 

j  Pruned          

20. 

I7-S 

17.  5 

16.? 

1  8. 

17. 

i6.S 

17. 

)  Unpruned  

i<).  ; 

18. 

1  8. 

*"O 

i6.s 

18. 

1  6. 

17- 

17. 

(  Pruned  

I7-S 

17. 

I7-"> 

IS-S 

16.1; 

16.5 

I7-S 

18.5 

'    \  Unpruned  

18. 

18. 

2O. 

20. 

165 

16. 

IS-S 

x-    (  Pruned    

H-S 

14.  s 

IQ.  S 

I6.C 

16. 

H.  C 

17. 

17. 

j  Unpruned  

18.5 

IQ. 

iyo 
16.1; 

14. 

IQ. 

16.5 

17. 

16.5 

(  Pruned  

17. 

1C. 

IQ.I; 

1  8. 

12.5 

14. 

17- 

16.5 

j  Unpruned    

16. 

l6."; 

IQ.I; 

i^-1? 

I7.C 

i6.s 

17. 

IS. 

o    (  Pruned    

18. 

14."; 

i6.c 

i1?.? 

1  6. 

IS-S 

i^-S 

\  Unpruned  

16. 

17. 

18.; 

IQ. 

18.5 

17- 

17. 

16.5 

j  Pruned  

17. 

15. 

18.5 

1C. 

19. 

17- 

18.5 

14.5 

j  Unpruned  

20.5 

i7-s 

IS-^ 

14.5 

I  vS 

IS-S 

1  8. 

IS-S 

(  Pruned  

20. 

1  6. 

16.5 

1^- 

20.5 

IS- 

1  6. 

14.5 

|  Unpruned  

1  6. 

1  6. 

16.5 

l6-5 

165 

15. 

18.5 

18.5 

(  Pruned  .  . 

14. 

14.  s 

1  8. 

1  5-  5 

17.5 

17. 

IS-S 

n.s 

\  Unpruned  

IQ  5 

16.5 

IS- 

16. 

18.5 

17. 

17. 

16. 

(  Pruned    

16.5 

il.? 

18. 

1  6. 

17.5 

ii. 

18. 

15. 

}  Un  pruned  

18. 

i1?.1? 

18. 

17.5 

18. 

IS-S 

18. 

15.5 

(  Pruned    . 

1  8. 

1  6. 

16.5 

15. 

19. 

14. 

15. 

17. 

J  j  Unpruned  

18.5 

17.  "! 

IQ. 

12.  ? 

16. 

18. 

18.5 

IS-S 

(  Pruned  

16.5 

15.  S 

17. 

14. 

19.5 

14.  S 

i8.S 

16.5 

^  )  Unpinned  

16. 

17.5 

18. 

16.5 

15.5 

16.5 

17. 

17.5 

I  Pruned  .  . 

17. 

16.5 

1  8. 

1  6. 

14  5 

I6.S 

19.5 

1  6. 

3  j  Unpruned  

19. 

18. 

16.5 

1  6. 

19. 

IS-  S 

16.5 

16.  • 

f  (  Pruned  

17. 

17.  c 

IQ.S 

14  => 

18. 

IS-S 

20. 

16.5 

/  Unpruned  

17.5 

15. 

18.5 

15. 

18.5 

14. 

165 

17. 

'    (  Pruned  

17. 

13. 

17- 

17. 

14. 

1  6. 

IQ-S 

15. 

1  Unpruned  ... 

20. 

IQ- 

2O. 

16. 

20. 

IQ- 

20. 

16.5 

T-  .   ,  (  Pruned    . 

2QO  S 

260 

2Q4. 

268 

286  5 

262 

2Q2 

262. 

lotal  1  TT              , 
Unpruned  . 

^00. 

*jf 

2o6. 

^00. 

272.  c; 

•KX.S 

274. 

^00.  S 

27"?.  S 

i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


TABLE  SHOWING  No.  OF  PLAT;   KIND  OF  CULTIVATION;  BUSHELS  PER  ACRE  FROM 
PRUNED  AND  FROM  UNPRUNED  Rows;  AND  DIFFERENCE. 


« 

2 

»T 

Kind  of  cultivation. 

Pruned. 
Bushels 
per  acre. 

'  Unpruned. 
Bushels  per 
acre. 

Difference 
in  favor 
ofunpruned. 

Hoed    ordinary  

02.  "J 

C&2 

C.Q 

None   weeds  removed  by  scraping  surface  

8c  c 

Q4..O 

8  c 

Shallow   twice  after  tasseling                           .  .  . 

O1  A 

QC     •} 

I   Q 

Deep    twice  after  tasseling  

%S,.2 

86.6 

I  4. 

c 

Shallow,  ordinary  

gl.O 

07.  0 

6.0 

| 

Deep,  ordinary.  .          

8^?  2 

87  0 

•}.8 

y 

Shallow,  frequent.        

92.8 

QC     C 

2  7 

g 

Deep,  frequent  

8l.  2 

86.  Q 

7.7 

It  is  noticeable  that  while  there  was,  on  an  average,  only  about  four 
bushels  more  corn  produced  on  the  unpruned  than  the  pruned  plats,  in  no 
plat  was  the  difference  in  favor  of  the  pruned  portion.  It  is  interesting 
to  note,  also,  that  the  largest  difference  was,  where  it  was  to  be  expected, 
in  the  plat  whose  soil  was  not  otherwise  disturbed,  and  that  the  next  two 
largest  differences  were  in  shallow  cultivated  plats;  while  the  least  differ- 
ences were  on  those  plats  which  had  considerable  subsequent  cultivation. 
While  this  experiment  in  no  sense  establishes  that  such  root-pruning  is 
injurious,  it  may  be  proper  to  point  out  that  there  was  considerable  rain 
during  the  period  of  cultivation,  and  a  heavy  rain  the  day  following  the 
last  pruning;  so  that  the  corn's  power  of  recuperation  from  injury  by 
root-pruning,  if  such  there  was,  must  have  been  at  its  maximum. 

Experiment  No.  54.     Corn,  Root  Growth. 

In  a  study  of  the  effect  of  deep  and  shallow  cultivation  and  of  root- 
pruning  on  the  growth  of  the  corn  plant,  a  knowledge  of  the  number, 
length,  and  position  of  corn  roots  is  essential.  To  this  end  a  few  hills 
were  examined  just  as  they  were  found  growing  in  the  field,  by  digging  a 
trench  beside  the  hill  and  washing  the  vertical  side  with  water.  The  par- 
ticular object  of  the  inquiry  was  to  ascertain  the  number  of  the  roots  and 
their  depths  at  the  points  where  they  are  likely  to  be  disturbed  by  culti- 
vation; what  proportion  of  all  the  roots  was  sufficiently  near  the  surface 
to  be  so  injured;  and  whether  by  root-pruning,  three  inches  deep,  as  in 
Experiment  No.  10,  enough  roots  would  be  cut,  so  that  any  considerable 
effect  should  be  expected  therefrom.  These  investigations  are  as  yet  too 
limited  to  allow  any  general  conclusions,  but  they  will  form  the  basis  of 
future  work  in  this  line. 

Only  a  portion  of  the  roots,  necessarily,  could  be  traced  by  the 
method  used.  Such  delicate  fibres  as  young  corn  roots  are  easily  broken 
in  washing  the  dirt  from  them. 

Four  hills  were  examined.  They  grew  on  a  black  prairie  loam,  which 
is  one  and  one-half  to  two  feet  deep,  and  is  underlaid  with  permeable 


Ti4  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  \_February, 

yellow  clay.     The  land  had  been  fall-plowed  about  six  inches  deep,  and 
well  prepared  before  planting  with  disk  and  common  tooth  harrows. 

Hill  I.  Variety,  early  yellow  dent;  planted  May  loth;  examined 
June  5th,  26  days  after  planting;  contained  four  plants. 

Plant  i,  eleven  inches  high  to  top  of  leaf,  had  two  whorls  of  roots 
about  one-half  inch  apart;  upper  whorl,  ten  roots;  lower,  five.  The  pri- 
mary root  had  many  rootlets. 

Plant  2,  nine  inches  high,  had  two  whorls  of  roots  about  one-half 
inch  apart;  upper  whorl,  three  roots;  lower,  four.  The  primary  root  was 
two  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  soil  at  its  base.  It  was  traced  14 
inches  and  then  broken.  The  point  of  breaking  was  10  inches  in  a  hori- 
zontal direction  from  the  plant  and  5  inches  deep.  At  6  inches  from 
plant  it  was  4  inches  deep.  The  14  inches  of  this  root  that  was  traced, 
contained  100  or  more  rootlets.  Many  were  one  and  one-half  inches,  a 
few  three  inches,  long. 

Plant  3,  nine  inches  high,  had  three  whorls  of  roots;  upper  two 
nearly  together;  upper  whorl,  four  roots;  middle,  four;  lower,  five, 
including  primary  root. 

Plant  4,  six  inches  high,  had  two  whorls  of  roots;  upper  whorl,  three 
roots;  lower,  five,  including  primary  root.  The  primary  root  was  i^ 
inches  below  the  surface  of  the  soil  at  its  base.  Its  end  was  13  inches 
distant  horizontally  from  base,  and  5  inches  deep.  At  6  inches  from  its 
base  it  was  2^/2  inches  deep. 

Hill  2.  Variety,  white  dent;  planted  June  8th;  examined  June  2oth, 
12  days  after  planting;  contained  three  plants. 

Plant  i,  five  and  one-half  inches  high,  had  two  whorls  of  roots; 
upper  whorl  was  three- fourths  of  an  inch  below  the  surface,  and  had  four 
roots  just  starting;  lower  whorl  was  two  and  a  half  inches  below  surface 
and  had  four  roots.  Two  were  6  inches  long  and  4  inches  deep  at  their 
extremities  and  had  many  rootlets.  /The  primary  root  was  2^  inches 
below  surface  at  its  base.  It  was  13  incrks  long  and  6  inches  deep  at  its 
extremity.  At  6  inches  frorn  base  it  was  3^  inches  from  surface.  It  had 
many  rootlets. 

Hill  j.  Variety,  white  dent;  planted  June  ist;  examined  June  2oth, 
20  days  after  planting;  contained  four  plants. 

Plant  i,  fifteen  inches  high,  had  two  whorls  of  roots;  upper  whorl, 
8  roots.  A  representative  root  on  the  upper  whorl  was  r^  inches  below 
surface  at  its  base,  8  inches  long  and  2  inches  deep,  at  its  extremity.  The 
lower  whorl  had  two  roots.  The  primary  root  was  3  inches  below  the 
surface  at  its  base;  was  broken  at  4  inches,  and  at  this  point  was  4  inches 
deep.  The  secondary  root  of  this  whorl  was  traced  22  inches,  where  it 
was  broken.  At  its  base  it  Avas  2^  inches  deep;  at  6  inches  from  its  base, 
3^2  inches  deep;  at  12  inches,  5  inches  deep;  and  at  22  inches,  9  inches 
deep.  It  had  many  rootlets. 


1889']  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  115 

Plant  2,  fourteen  inches  high,  had  two  whorls  of  roots;  upper  whorl, 
ten  roots;  and  their  bases  were  i^  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  soil. 
One  root  on  this  whorl  was  18  inches  long.  At  6  inches  from  its  base  it 
was  2  inches  deep.  At  its  end  it  was  4^  inches  deep.  Another  root  was 
traced  12  inches  and  broken.  At  6  inches  from  its  base  it  was  4^2  inches 
deep,  and  at  point  of  breaking  it  was  5^  inches  deep.  Another  was  15 
inches  long.  At  6  inches  from  its  base  it  was  4  inches  deep.  Another  was 
7  inches  long  and  2  inches  deep  at  its  end.  Another  was  14  inches  long. 
For  the  first  8  inches  it  was  ^  of  an  inch  deep;  at  its  end,  i^  inches 
deep.  Another  was  6  inches  long;  three  others,  3^2  inches  long.  The 
lower  whorl  had  6  roots,  including  the  primary  root.  The  primary  root 
and  4  others  were  broken  3  inches  from  theinbase.  The  remaining  root 
was  traced  26^  inches  and  then  broken.  For  the  first  15  inches  it  was 
2^/2  inches  deep.  It  then  took  a  downward  direction,  and  at  point  of 
breaking  was  8  inches  deep. 

Hill 4.  Variety,  white  dent;  planted  May  26th;  examined  June  2ist, 
26  days  after  planting;  had  four  plants  20  to  22  inches  high. 

At  the  circumference  of  a  half  circle,  with  the  hill  for  the  center  and 
a  radius  of  six  inches,  were  found  10  important  roots,  between  3  and  4 
inches  deep — on  an  average  rather  nearer  3  than  4  inches  deep. 

Plant  i,  had  two  whorls  of  roots;  upper  whorl,  9  roots;  five  averaged 
3  inches  long.  One  was  broken  at  13  inches  from  the  base.  At  6  inches 
from  its  base  it  was  3^  inches  deep.  The  lower  whorl  had  3  roots,  includ- 
ing primary  root.  The  primary  root  was  traced  10  inches  and  broken. 
Apparently,  it  was  not  much  longer.  One  of  the  secondary  roots  was  2^ 
inches  deep,  and  the  other  10  inches  long. 

Plant  2,  had  two  whorls  of  roots;  upper  whorl,  9  roots,  mostly  i  to 
6  inches  long,  although  some  were  broken  at  6  inches;  lower  whorl,  5 
roots,  including  primary  root.  The  primary  root  was  traced  35  inches 
and  then  broken,  apparently  very  near  its  end.  At  its  base  it  was  2 
inches  deep,  at  6  inches  from  base,  3^  inches  deep;  at  25  inches,  13 
inches  deep.  It  then  went  down  vertically  10  inches.  It  had  many 
rootlets,  6  or  more  inches  long,  some  of  which  came  very  near  to  the 
surface. 

Summary.  Nine  plants,  which  averaged  12  inches  high  to  tip  of  leaves', 
had  altogether  94  roots,  or  an  average  of  over  10  apiece.  The  longest 
root  traced  was  35  inches  long,  the  plant  being  22  inches  high.  A  plant 
^/z  inches  high  had  a  root  13  inches  long.  Twenty-four  roots  were 
examined  (some  did  not  belong  to  the  plants  mentioned,  but  to  others  in 
the  same  hill)  at  6  inches  from  their  base.  One  was  4^  inches  deep; 
five,  4  inches  deep;  twelve,  3}^  inches  deep;  one,  2^  inches  deep;  four, 
2  inches  deep;  and  one  ^  of  an  inch  deep  at  this  distance  from  base  of 
root.  Three-fourths  of  the  roots,  therefore,  would  not  have  been  broken 
by  root-pruning  or  cultivating  three  inches  deep;  but  all  but  one  would 
have  been,  at  four  inches  deep. 


u6 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


\_February, 


Experiment  No.  1 1.      Corn,  Effect  of  Fertilizers. 

This  experiment  was  conducted  to  determine  on  a  somewhat  extended 
area  the  comparative  effect  of  some  of  the  commoner  forms  of  commer- 
cial fertilizers,  hog  tankage,  and  stable  manure,  on  land  of  only  medium 
quality  on  which  corn  had  been  raised  two  years  successively. 

Ten  plats,  2  x  76  rods,  were  treated  with  fertilizers  as  follows: 
TABLE  SHOWING  NAME  AND  AMOUNT  OF  FERTILIZERS  USED. 


Plat. 

Fertilizers. 

Quantity. 

•{•Laboratory 
number. 

I 

Stable  manure,  mixed    

*3<3  loads 

2 

None  

•I 

Stable  manure    

*3O  loads 

Hog  tankage    

Ho  Ib 

14. 

e 

Muriate  of  potash  

loo  Ib. 

IO 

6 

7 

Hog  tankage  and  muriate  of  potash  .... 
Dissolved  bone-black  

iSSolb.     . 
(  loo  Ib.     . 
300  Ib. 

14 
10 
12        * 

8 

Sulphate  of  ammonia  

125  Ib. 

Q 

Q-IO 

None  

The  land  was  uneven,  being  high  in  some  places  and  low  in  others. 
The  high  and  low  places  were  distributed  somewhat,  though  not  alto- 
gether, regularly  throughout  the  different  plats. 

The  stable  manure,  which  was  applied  before  the  land  was  plowed, 
was  a  mixture  of  horse  and  cattle  manure,  combined  with  the  usual  litter. 
It  was  spread  on  plat  i,  April  i8th  to  2ist,  and  on  plat  3,  May  i4th  to 
May  i8th.  The  commercial  fertilizers  were  sown  broadcast  on  the 
plowed  land  May  i8th  and  ipth.  May  7th  to  ipth,  the  land  was  plowed 
about  five  inches  deep.  May  igth,  the  plats  were  harrowed  and  planted 
with  check-rower  to  Champaign  dent  corn.  December  yth,  row  10  and 
part  of  row  9  was  husked  and  corn  weighed.  December  lyth  to  January 
ist,  1889,  rows  i  to  8  were  husked  in  reverse  order.  The  corn  of  each  shock 
in  rows  i  to  8  was  weighed  separately,  and  the  number  of  ears  was  ascer- 
tained. During  the  period  of  husking  and  weighing  the  weather  was  not 
altogether  favorable.  It  was  the  endeavor  to  weigh  the  corn  and  stover 
under  as  nearly  similar  conditions  as  possible;  but  it  is  believed  that  the 
stover  of  rows  i  to  6  was  damper  than  on  rows  7  to  10. 

The  weight  and  number  of  ears  from  each  shock  in  rows  1-8  are 
given  in  detail  on  pages  117  and  118. 

As  will  be  seen  by  an  inspection  of  the  table  on  the  next  page,  the 
average  yield  per  acre  and  the  difference  in  yield  of  corn  was  no  greater 
on  plats  treated  with  commercial  fertilizers  than  that  of  those  having  no 
manure.  It  may  be  concluded,  therefore,  that  the  commercial  fertilizers 
produced  no  appreciable  increase  in  yield.  The  two  plats  treated  with 

*  Approximately. 

t  For  analyses  of  fertilizers,  see  Experiment  No.  24. 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


117 


stable  manure,  however,  each  gave  larger  yields  than  any  of  the  other 
plats,  on  an  average  n  bushels  larger.  This  is  not  a  very  marked 
increase.  Indeed,  the  manure  could  not  be  considered  a  profitable 
investment  in  this  case,  were  it  not  for  the  surplus  fertility  left  in  the  soil 
for  next  year,  it  being  not  at  all  improbable  that  a  more  marked  increase 
will  be  noticed  another  year. 

The  plats  were  directly  adjacent,  no  space  being  left  between  them; 
and  as  some  of  the  roots  of  two  rows,  or  two- ninths  of  ptat  2,  would  come 
in  direct  contact  with  the  fertilized  soil  of  plats  i  and  3,  it  is  not  at  all 
improbable  that  the  yield  on  plat  2  was  thereby  increased.  This  is,  also, 
probably,  indicated  by  the  weight  of  100  ears,  in  the  five  plats  treated 
with  commercial  fertilizers  the  average  weight  of  100  ears  was  50^ 
pounds;  on  the  two  plats  treated  with  stable  manure,  58^  pounds;  while 
on  plat  2,  100  ears  weighed  56  pounds. 

The  yield  of  stover  was  increased  on  the  plats  treated  with  stable 
manure  in  about  the  same  proportion,  apparently,  as  the  yield  of  corn. 
The  figures  given  in  the  table  make  the  increase  of  stover  in  these  plats 
21  per  cent.,  and  the  increase  of  corn,  18  per  cent.  The  stover  on 
plats  i-io  was  unquestionably  dryer,  especially  on  plats  9  and  10,  than 
the  other  plats,  thus  introducing  an  error  of  unknown  extent. 

The  following  table  gives  a  summary  of  the  results: 

TABLE  SHOWING  FERTILIZER  USED,  YIELD  OF  CORN  PER  PLAT  AND  PER  ACRE;  AND 
WEIGHT  OF  100  SELECTED  EARS. 


Plat. 

Fertilizers. 

M 

P 

P 

3 
o  2. 
o  ro 

3  Z 

n 
p 
i 

£ 

o 

"*> 
tfl 

o" 

(D 
^1 

Av.  wt.  rooears 

Per  acre. 

W 

p 

P 

C/3 

c£ 

o 

1 

*3 
o  2. 
3  w 
?£ 

o 

i 

2 

3 

4 

6 

8 

9 
10 

Stable  manure  

7,493 
7,422 
7,610 
7,183 
7,068 
7,021 

7'292 
7,656 

4,446 
4,173 
4,404 
3,628 

3,454 
3-551 
3,682 
4,014 

3,465 
4,040 

3,080 
2,790 

3,295    i 
2,805 
2,76O 
2,530 

2,555 
2,710 
2.320 
2,435 

59 
56 
58 
51 
49 
51 
50 
52 

7,887 
7,8i3 
8,010 

7,558 
7,440 

7,39° 
7,788 
8,059 

7' 

66 
70 
58 
55. 
56 
59 
64 
55 
64 

3,242 

2,937 
3,468 

2,953 
2,905 
2,663 
2,690 
2,853 
2,444 
2,563 

None  

Stable  manure  

Hog  tankage  

Muriate  of  potash  

Hog  tankage  and  muriate  of  potash.  . 
Dissolved  bone-black  

Sulphate  of  ammonia  

None  
None   

—6 


n8 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  EARS  PER  SHOCK,  EACH  CONTAINING  8r  HILLS  FOR 

EACH  PLAT. 


No.  of 
shock. 

Plat  I. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4." 

Plat  5. 

Plat  6. 

Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

I 

187 

190 

218 

218 

235 

180 

195 

208. 

2 

214 

211 

187 

219 

202  ' 

208 

220 

215 

•  3 

196 

202 

196 

194 

235 

216 

210 

4 

185 

212 

219 

lc,6 

202 

199 

208 

211 

5 

212 

184 

210 

215 

193 

195 

2IO 

201 

6 

208 

2OI 

200 

184 

203 

1  88 

195 

2IO 

7 

216 

193 

2IO 

i7t 

2IO 

200 

194 

I97 

8 

222 

2O7 

182 

2O2 

211 

2O2 

218 

9 

2I7 

181. 

203 

193 

176 

I97 

2O5 

215 

10 

204 

197 

182 

220 

202 

203 

175 

2OI 

n 

igl 

187 

198 

182 

2l8     221 

2OO 

2OO 

12 

2OO 

202 

2IO 

191 

203 

1  88 

172 

I97 

13 

205 

198 

185 

193 

2OO 

209 

1  86 

I94 

14 

211 

199 

2O6 

191 

I87 

191 

208 

201 

212 

212 

216 

203 

X95 

205 

'93 

198 

16 

221 

207 

215 

211 

159 

161 

198 

230 

17 

223 

20O 

184 

189 

158 

170 

200 

217 

18 

218 

221 

193 

119 

126 

129 

213 

I99 

19 

207 

215 

212 

195 

165 

146 

167 

2OS 

20 

182 

I97 

219 

I97 

192 

164 

185 

2O6 

21 

I98 

218 

217 

190 

175 

183 

223 

22 

I84 

195 

211 

210 

199 

211 

202 

2IO 

23 

IgO 

200 

212 

2O6 

217 

2O4 

197 

213 

24 

187 

212 

222 

193 

193 

196 

208 

2O7 

25 

2OO 

210 

2OO 

198 

190 

204 

211 

217 

26 

171 

209 

212 

203 

214 

I97 

2OO 

199 

27 

181 

196 

245 

211 

172 

199 

.278 

200 

28 

184 

208 

203 

189 

189 

171 

208 

I99 

29 

171 

182 

194 

2I3 

207 

215 

IgO 

193 

3° 

174 

I78 

2O7 

219 

205 

I76 

215 

211 

185 

1  86 

2OO 

211 

197 

192 

1  88 

185 

32 

164 

172 

169 

138 

167 

174 

188 

195 

33 

174 

155 

1  60 

145 

169 

1  68 

161 

1  66 

34 

1  80 

»59 

177 

155 

15° 

155 

1  60 

177 

35 

188 

167 

175 

141 

118 

114 

153 

174 

36 

189 

185 

I79 

129 

137 

150 

165 

162 

37 

205 

171 

173 

162 

163 

170 

197 

38 

222 

247 

•SB 

167 

170 

151 

1  80 

195 

Sum. 

7-493 

7,422 

7,610 

7,183 

7,068 

7,021 

7-399 

7,656 

rS89.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888. 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  OF  EAR  CORN  PER  SHOCK,  EACH  CONTAINING  81  HILLS, 

FOR  EACH  PLAT. 


No.  of 
shock. 

Plat  I. 

Plat  2. 

Plat  3. 

Plat  4. 

Plat  5. 

Plat  6. 

Plat  7. 

Plat  8. 

I 

"35 

"4-5 

12925 

122.75 

139.25 

98 

108.25 

in 

2 

126.25 

"9-5 

123 

125 

125-5 

in 

112.75 

120.5 

3 

121.75 

110.5 

123-5 

"5 

"5-75 

126  5 

116.75 

"9 

4 

"3 

123.75 

132 

"4 

"9-75 

10475 

"7 

127 

5 

123-75 

in 

125.5, 

118.75 

127-5 

"3 

leg 

112.5 

6 

123-75 

124 

117 

105-5    • 

119.25 

106 

91.25 

116 

7 

118 

"5 

117 

845 

112 

100 

98 

"3-5 

8 

124 

1  08 

112.5 

89 

lOg 

105 

101.75 

"7 

9 

125-5 

96.75 

106.5 

83 

87-75 

102 

105 

118.5 

10 

»5 

102.5 

102.25 

98.75 

1095 

"5 

90-25 

108.5 

ii 

i°5 

93 

111.25 

97-5 

126-75 

121 

9925 

102 

12 

112.5 

105-5 

121.5 

103.25 

II6.5 

104-5 

93-5 

102 

13 

117 

108 

108.5 

101.5 

"3-5 

if  6 

98.75 

95 

14 

123 

"5-75 

122.5 

98-5 

100 

107 

108.25 

1  02 

15 

129 

120.5 

128 

107 

106.25 

"3-25 

102.25 

98-5 

16 

136-5 

1  20 

I3I-75 

121.5 

82.5 

80.75 

102.75 

"7 

17 

138 

124.5 

116 

100.5 

66 

77-75 

98.25 

114.25 

18 

133 

130 

112.25 

50.5 

53 

52-50 

1  06 

96 

J9 

127-5 

127-5 

123 

945 

87 

-6950 

87.5 

IOO 

20 

no 

168.25 

124.75 

9° 

101.25 

80 

93-5 

109 

21 

109 

109.5 

125-25 

105 

1  02 

87 

895 

"7-5 

22 

no 

116 

120.25 

no 

112.25 

'  10.5 

107-5 

"7 

23 

109 

,    123 

126 

106 

121.75 

103-75 

1  08 

118.25 

24 

108 

125-25 

130.75 

103-75 

111.5 

103 

109.25 

io5-5 

25 

125.5 

124-5 

116.25 

94-75 

105-5 

104 

104.25 

105-5 

26 

107 

121 

122.25 

i°5-75 

116 

105-5 

104.5 

IOO 

27 

112 

III 

139-75 

109.75 

99 

100.5 

141.25 

103 

28 

109 

114 

"75 

98.75 

105-5 

84 

1  08 

106.5 

29 

1  06 

97 

"5-5 

104 

"5 

104.5 

100.5 

103.75 

30 

102 

96 

125-5 

"4-75 

112 

91-5 

118.25 

no 

31 

107 

97-75 

118.25 

102.25 

IOI-5 

IOO 

110.5 

105-5 

32 

945 

93-5 

98.75 

59 

89-75 

7975 

97-25 

109 

33 

98 

74.75 

86.5 

54 

77-75 

75-5 

8i-75 

9°-5 

34 

114.5 

81.5 

93-5 

66.75 

86.25 

59 

66 

87 

35 

"5-25 

«475 

96.75 

65  75 

52-25 

45 

60.5 

76  ' 

36 

118.5 

92.25 

96-5 

55-5 

66.5 

57-5 

68.5 

76.75 

37 

127.25 

95-25 

103.25 

74 

75 

67 

79 

88.5 

3» 

137 

140 

8325 

76.25 

80 

695 

»4 

94.25 

Sum. 

4.445-5 

4,172-5 

440375 

3,628 

3,853.5 

3,55i 

3,681.5 

4,013.75 

Experiment  No.  24..      Comparison  of  Fertilizers  as  used  with  Corn. 

This  experiment  consists  of  a  comparison  of  a  few  of  the  common 
forms  of  commercial  fertilizers  together  with  hog  and  cattle  tankage  and 
stable  manure.  The  hog  and  cattle  tankage  was  prepared  from  the  refuse 
of  the  slaughter  houses  of  Chicago,  and  it  is  obvious  that  the  profitable 
use  of  these  materials  would  be  a  matter  of  wide  economic  importance. 

Twelve  plats,  each  9  by  35  hills,  or,  approximately,  i-io  acre,  were 
used.  The  preparation  of  the  seed-bed  and  the  planting  of  the  corn,  May 
5th,  was  in  every  way  the  same  as  described  in  Experiment  No.  8. 

The  r^able  manure  was  applied  the  day  before  the  land  was  plowed. 
The  othc/  fertilizers  were  applied  about  the  hills  of  corn  and  mixed  with 
the  soil  with  a  hoe  nine  days  after  the  corn  was  planted  and  about  two 
days  after  it  was  up. 


I2O 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


TABLE  SHOWING  POUNDS  OF  FERTILIZER  PER  ACRE;  OF  PHOSPHORIC  ACID,  SOLUBLE 
AND  REVERTED;  OF  NITROGEN;  OF  AMMONIA  EQUIVALENT  OF  NITROGEN;  AND 
OF  POTASH.* 


* 
o 

0 

*o 

p" 

Laboratory  No.  of 
fertilizer. 

Name  of  fertilizer. 

n 

N' 
m 

B 
en 
ft 
Oi 

g 

E. 

si 
EI 

-a 
o 
o* 

• 

Soluble  phosphoric 
acid. 

frt 

2.  ii 

p  — 

0_T3 

Nitrogen. 

Ammonia  equiva- 
lent to  nitrogen. 

O 

I 

4 

Stable  manure  

40,  2  CO 

177 

200 

141 

2 

Hog  tankage 

•J  CQ 

c-j 

18 

I  7 

3 

IO 

Muriate  of  potash  

IOO 

c? 

Hog  tankage  

7,  CO 

4 

)    10 

Muriate  of  potash   

IOO 

53 

18 

'7 

20 

53 

5 

None  

6 

17 

Cattle  tankage  

2OO 

C4 

12 

7 

? 

Bone  meal  

2OO 

62 

12 

8 

8 

o 

5 

12 

Glue  factory  superphosphate 
Dissolved  bone-black  ..    . 

4OO 
7.OO 

79 
62 

IO 

60 

37 

U 

IO 

I? 

12 

.... 

TO 

None.  :  

IT 

_ 

Sulphate  of  ammonia  .. 

I2C 

25  2 

7.2 

12 

8 

Ni  :rate  of  soda  

1  60 



248 

31 

TABLE  SHOWING  PARTIAL  ANALYSIS  OF  FERTILIZERS  USED. 


Laboratory  No. 

Name  of  fertilizer. 

Total  phosphoric 
acid. 

Soluble  phosphoric 
acid. 

90 

*a  ft 

"'I, 
P 

o 

n 

3 

Equivalent  to 
ammonia. 

£ 
p 
s1 

Moisture. 

IO 

Muriate  of  potash-.  

=52.98 

0.78 

Sulphate  of  ammonia 

21  OO 

25.50 

g 

Nitrate  of  soda    

19  06 

4 
14 

Stable  manure  
Hog  tankage  .  .      . 

0.34 
1C.  06 



o  52 
4  76 

063 

c.78 

o-35 
0.56 

74-4 

Cattle  tankage  

26.86 

6.77 

5  60 

6  80 

°-73 

12 

Dissolved  bone-black     .... 

20.  7  C 

20.24. 

7.76 

4  08 

5 

7 

Glue  factory  superphosphate 
Bone  meal    

19.69 
30.76 

2.52 

9.65 
C.nC 

3.22 
3.78 

3-91 

4.  Co 



The  plats  were  cultivated  five  times  between  May  26th  and  June  26th 
with  a  shallow  cultivator.  Two  cultivators  were  used  at  different  times, 
the  Tower  Surface  Cultivator,  manufactured  by  J.  D.  Tower  &  Bros., 
Mendota,  Illinois;  and  the  Bash  Surface  Cultivator,  manufactured  by  the 
Sandwich  Enterprise  Co.,  Sandwich,  Illinois,  either  of  which,  when  prop- 
erly handled,  did  satisfactory  work.  June  2ist  to  22d,  the  plats  were  hoed 
to  remove  weeds  about  the  hill. 

No  difference  was  observable  in  date  of  tasseling,  date  of  maturity, 
or  in  vigor  of  growth  at  any  time  that  could  be  attributed  with  certainty 
to  any  of  the  fertilizers  applied.  October  2oth,  the  corn  was  husked  on 
each  plat,  thrown  on  the  ground,  that  on  plats  i  to  7  weighed,  and  78  pounds 


*Ar.alyses  were  made  by  Bedros  Tatarian,  under  the  direction  of  the  Station  Chemist. 


i889.] 


FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1 888. 


121 


of  corn  were  taken  for  sample.  October  24th,  the  corn  from  plats  8  to  12 
was  weighed  and  80  pounds  were  taken  for  a  sample.  November  i4th, 
the  yS-pound  sample,  which  was  taken  October  2oth,  weighed  76  pounds 
and  yielded  63.75  pounds  of  shelled  corn.  The  8o-pound  sample,  taken 
October  24th,  weighed  75  pounds  and  yielded  62.5  pounds.  The  differ- 
ence in  the  percentage  of  dry  corn  between  the  two  samples  was  due  to 
a  rain  which  occurred  between  the  weighing  of  plats  i  to  7  and  plats  8 
to  12. 

The  following  table  gives  the  weight  in  pounds  of  ear  corn  and 
shelled  corn  per  plat,  pounds  of  ear  corn  per  bushel,  and  bushels  per 
acre,  for  each  plat: 

TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  PLAT;  FERTILIZER;  POUNDS  EAR  CORN  PER  PLAT  AND 
PER  BUSHEL;  POUNDS  SHELLED  CORN  PER  PLAT;  AND  BUSHELS  PER  ACRE. 


Plat. 

Name  of  fertilizer. 

Lb.  ear 
corn  per 
plat. 

Lb.  ear 
corn  per 
bushel. 

Lb.  sh'l'd 
corn  per 
plat. 

Bushels 
per  acre. 

I 

Stable  manure  

6  so 

60 

S27 

q6.7 

2 

Hog  tankage    

66s 

,y 
60 

S'U) 

qq.  I 

7 

Muriate  of  potash  

665 

6q 

S^q 

qq.l 

\  Hog  tankage  

4 

)  Muriate  of  potash  

665 

69 

539 

991 

5 

None  

66? 

60 

S^q 

qq  I 

6 

Cattle  tankage   

64  s 

6q 

$22 

q6.O 

7 

Bone  meal  

wq.j 

635 

6q 

SI4 

q4  S 

8 

Glue  factory  superphosphate  . 
Dissolved  bone-black  

660 
660 

72 

72 

5'5 

SIS 

947 

q4-7 

10 

None  

655 

72 

511 

93  -9 

ii 

Sulphate  of  ammonia  

621; 

72 

488 

8q.7 

12 

Nitrate  of  soda   

6« 

72 

en 

Q7.Q 

Nothing  can  be  more  conclusive  than  that  there  were  no  results 
obtained  in  this  experiment  which  could  with  any  certainty  be  attributed 
to  the  effect  of  the  fertilizers.  This  simply  indicates  that  this  season  this 
land,  which  was  freshly  broken  clover  sod  of  good  natural  fertility,  did 
not  require  any  of  these  fertilizers  to  put  it  into  a  condition  to  raise  a  max- 
imum crop.  Stable  manure  is  unquestionably  a  valuable  fertilizer  for 
•corn  on  ordinary  land  in  ordinary  seasons,  yet  on  this  land  for  this  season 
no  beneficial  result  was  obtained  by  its  use. 


GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS  AND  SUGGESTIONS. 

The  following  statements  are  suggested  in  part  by  the  experiments 
reported  in  this  bulletin  and,  in  part,  by  those  tried  in  the  previous  years, 
and  by  experience  in  ordinary  field  culture  of  corn. 

VARIETIES. 

The  hundreds  of  varieties  of  dent  corn  may  be  classified* in  a  small 
number  of  groups,  so  that  those  included  in  each  will  closely  resemble 
•each  other — as  closely  as  different  families  in  a  breed  of  animals.  Many 
varieties,  so  called,  are  practically  identical.  The  same  variety  is  fre- 


122  BULLETIN  NO.   4.  [February, 

quently  known  by  several  names  in  different  localities;  while  distinct 
varieties  often  have  the  same  name. 

Most  of  even  the  best  established  varieties  lack  exact  uniformity  in 
somewhat  important  characteristics.  Stalks  or  ears  grown  in  the  same 
hill  may  differ  materially  in  size,  form,  or  time  of  maturity.  Persistent 
selection  of  seed  with  reference  to  the  possession  of  desired  qualities  is 
essential  to  establishing  or  maintaining  these  in  any  variety.. 

Cross-fertilization  often  occurs  when  two  varieties  are  grown  near 
each  other.  The  effects  may  not  be  noticed  until  subsequent  years,  if  the 
varieties  are  much  alike.  If  unlike  in  color,  the  effects  of  cross-fertiliza- 
tion may  be  seen  in  the  corn  first  produced  by  such  crossing. 

Climate,  soil,  and  cultivation  have  much  influence  in  determining  the 
characteristics  of  varieties.  But  permanent  alteration  of  the  qualities  of 
any  variety  through  these  means  is  slowly  accomplished,  especially  if  not 
accompanied  with  selection  of  seed.  An  unfavorable  season,  poor  soil, 
or  poor  cultivation  may  greatly  affect  the  crop  of  a  given  year;  but  seed 
so  produced  will,  under  favorable  conditions,  produce  corn  not  to  be 
distinguished  from  the  original. 

Color,  either  of  kernels  or  cobs,  although  among  the  most  obvious 
of  the  characteristics  distinguishing  varieties,  is  of  little  importance  in 
determining  value.  Uniformity  of  color  is  desirable  for  the  sake  of 
appearance.  In  some  markets  corn  of  one  color  will  sell  better  than  that 
of  another;  but  there  is  no  good  reason  to  believe  that  either  yield,  weight, 
or  feeding  value  depends  on  color.  *  There  are  good  and  poor  varieties  of 
each  color. 

Neither  is  there  sufficient  reason  to  believe  that  the  value  of  a  variety 
is  materially  affected  by  the  roughness  or  smoothness  of  the  kernels, 
except  that  smooth-kerneled  varieties  are  more  easily  handled. 

No  one  variety  possesses  all  desirable  qualities  in  the  highest  degree. 
Extraordinary  development  of  any  one  good  characteristic  is  usually 
accompanied  by  some  defect.  Thus,  in  northern  latitudes,  early  ripening 
is  important;  but  no  remarkably  early  maturing  variety  is  so  productive 
as  some  later  ripening  kinds.  \Ve  have  found  no  variety  especially 
remarkable  for  either  very  great  or  very  small  size  of  stalk,  ear,  cob,  or 
kernel  that  was,  as  a  whole,  equally  valuable  with  varieties  less  notice- 
able in  any  one  of  these  points. 

For  the  soil  and  climate  of  the  University  farms,  or  central  Illinois 
generally,  the  varieties  we  have  preferred  are  those  with  moderately  low, 
fairly  thick,  short-jointed  stalks,  producing  ears  low  on  the  stalks,  on 
short  shanks;  the  ears  from  eight  to  ten  inches  long,  about  two  and  a  half 
inches  thick,  nearly  uniform  in  size  until  near  the  tip,  which  should  be 
well  covered  with  kernels;  the  cob,  of  medium  thickness;  the  kernels, 
thick  rather  than  thin;  smooth  rather  than  rough;  somewhat  wedge- 
shaped  and*  showing  hardly  any  open  space  between  the  rows,  of 
which  there  may  be  fourteen  to  twenty.  In  connection  with  varieties  of 
this  type,  we  have  planted  annually  about  one-fourth  of  the  total  acreage 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN 1888.  123 

in  corn  to  early  maturing  varieties,  characterized  by  smaller  stalks  and 
ears,  and  not  giving,  usually,  so  large  a  yield,  but  valued  because  earlier 
fit  for  use,  and  because  of  adaptation  to  late  planting  when  this  is  neces- 
sary from  any  cause. 

Tests  of  large  numbers  of  varieties  and  examination  of  many  others 
show  that  there  are  varieties  of  much  merit  in  almost  all  the  great  corn- 
producing  districts  of  the  country.  The  praise  of  new  varieties,  as  intro- 
duced by  seedsmen,  is  often  far  beyond  their  merits.  While  the  trial  of 
new  varieties  is  wise,  and  while  the  difference  between  large  and  small 
crops  is  often  in  a  great  measure  due  to  the  use  of  good  or  poor  varieties, 
it  is  not  wise  to  discard  a  well  tested  and  satisfactory  variety  for  one 
untried.  It  is  rarely  safe  to  rely  on  seed  of  a  variety  which  has  been  long 
cultivated  in  a  latitude  much  north  or  south  of  that  in  which  you  propose 
to  grow  it;  although  the  early  maturing  kinds  from  the  south  may  do  well 
as  standard  sorts  in  the  north,  or  the  standard  varieties  of  the  north  prove 
valuable  for  especially  early  crops  farther  south. 

IMPROVEMENT  OF  VARIETIES. 

Many  popular  varieties  of  corn  are  the  result  of  purposed  or  acci- 
dental crossing  of  distinct  varieties.  Others  are  the  result  of  continued 
selection  with  reference  to  one  or  more  desired  qualities.  In  our  expe- 
rience, it  is  not  proved  that  varieties  tend  to  deteriorate  if  kept  pure,  or 
that  cross-fertilization  is  necessarily  or,  probably,  a  benefit. 

Generally  speaking,  with  a  careful  selection  of  the  seed,  a  variety 
adapted  to  the  soil  and  climate  will,  at  least,  maintain  its  good  qualities 
if  given  good  culture.  If  not  well  adapted  to  the  surroundings,  yet  able 
to  mature  seed,  it  may  be  gradually  improved  by  selection. 

Barren  stalks  or  those  producing  imperfect  ears  often  seriously 
reduce  the  yield  of  corn.  The  percentage  of  such  stalks  is  often  greater 
than  is  supposed.  The  number  of  such  stalks  is  increased  by  unfavorable 
seasons  or  too  thick  planting;  but  it  is  believed  varieties  differ  consider- 
ably in  their  tendency  to  produce  such  stalks. 

The  actual  and  relative  size  of  the  ears  and  the  tendency  to  produce 
more  than  one  ear  on  a  stalk  are  increased  by  comparatively  thin  plant- 
ing. Dent  varieties  usually  produce  not  more  than  one  good  ear  on  a 
stalk.  The  tendency  to  this  limitation  of  number  has  been  increased  by 
the  common  methods  of  selecting  seed — choosing  the  largest  ears,  which 
are  almost  invariably  borne  singly.  Some  varieties  have  quite  well 
fixed  the  habit  of  producing  several  ears  on  most  stalks.  It  is  con- 
ceivable that  a  stalk  should  produce  an  ear  on  every  joint.  It  is 
believed  entirely  possible  to  increase  the  productiveness  of  many  vari- 
eties by  cultivating  the  tendency  to  have  two  ears  on  each  stalk.  When 
the  corn  is  to  be  fed  to  cattle  without  husking  and  shelling,  there 
would  be  some  advantage  in  having  two  moderately  sized  ears  instead 
of  one.  For  ordinary  use,  one  large  ear  is  to  be  preferred  to  two 
small  ones. 


124  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

The  plan  of  setting  aside  plats  for  the  production  of  corn  for  seed, 
has  important  advantages.  On  these  the  best  seed  may  be  planted. 
Stalks  which  do  not  produce  ears  may  be  cut  away  or  have  their  tassels 
removed  before  the  silks  have  been  fertilized,  and  the  most  desirable  seed 
can  be  selected  with  little  inconvenience,  the  character  of  the  stalks  and 
degree  of  maturity  being  taken  into  consideration  as  well  as  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  ears.  In  such  plats  the  attempts  to  fix  the  habit  of  twin  or 
triple  ear-bearing  may  be  best  made.  Noticeable  results  are  not  to  be 
expected  until  after  some  years.  Color  seems  to  be  more  easily  modified 
or  fixed  than  more  important  qualities. 

SOIL  PREPARATION  AND  FERTILIZATION. 

The  dark  colored  prairie  soils  of  Illinois,  comparatively  loose  text- 
ured and  porous  to  a  considerable  depth,  and  generally  possessing  a 
good  store  of  available  plant  food,  are  unusually  well  adapted  to  corn. 
In  many  cases  fair  crops  are  produced  after  a  series  of  years  of  continuous 
growing  corn  without  manures.  One  plat  on  the  University  farms  after  12 
years  of  such  cultivation  continues  to  give  profitable  crops,  although 
noticeably  less  than  from  manured  lands.  •  . 

Ordinarily  fall-plowing  is  preferable.  Generally  the  yield  is  some- 
what larger,  and,  at  the  least,  there  is  less  danger  of  late  planting  being 
made'necessary  by  unfavorable  weather  early  in  the  spring.  Planting  on 
the  freshly  plowed  ground  in  the  spring  is  often  preferable  to  planting  on 
fall  plowed  land  which  has  not  been  cultivated  in  the  spring.  No  trial  of 
any  form  of  commercial  fertilizers  has  yet  proved  profitable  on  the  Uni- 
versity farms,  when  applied  to  corn  ground  in  fair  condition.  In  some 
cases  increase  in  crop  has  resulted;  in  no  case  has  the  increase  repaid  the 
cost  of  the  fertilizer  and  application. 

The  application  of  barn-yard  manure  has  almost  always  produced 
an  increased  crop,  not  always  sufficient  to  repay  the  cost.  In  the  very 
dry  season  of  1887,  the  smallest  yield  of  corn  on  our  farms  was  from  a 
plat  to  which  stable  manure  had  been  applied  in  the  spring,  as  had  been 
done  annually  for  ten  years. 

Usually  the  crop  from  sod  land,  grass  and  clover,  has  equalled  that 
from  the  manured  land.  No  decrease  has  been  noticed  in  any  case  in  the 
crop  the  second  year  after  grass  or  clovers.  Some  diminution  has  been 
noticed  when  corn  his  been  grown  three  years  in  succession.  A  rota- 
tion of  crops — here,  three  years  in  grass  and  clover,  two  years  in  corn, 
and  one  year  in  small  grain — with  application  of  all  available  manure 
to  the  grass  and  corn  land,  is  believed  to  be  the  best  means  at  present  by 
which  to  maintain  fertility.  That  commercial  fertilizers  may  be  profit- 
ably applied  to  these  lands  in  the  comparatively  near  future  is  not  im- 
probable. 

A  recently  stirred  and  well  pulverized  seed-bed  is  thought  more  im- 
portant on  such  soil  than  deep  plowing. 


1889.]  FJEI.D    EXPERIMENTS    WITH    CORN I  888.  (25 

PLANTING. 

An  insufficient  or  irregular  stand  is  one  of  the  most  common  causes 
of  a  small  yield.  This  may  result  from  poor  seed,  improper  planting,  or 
destruction  of  the  corn  after  growth  has  begun. 

If  the  seed  is  selected  in  the  fall  and  allowed  to  become  well  dried 
before  it  is  exposed  to  severe  cold,  or  kept  from  any  marked  variation 
in  temperature,  it  will  give  little  trouble.  Testing  it  is  always  advisable, 
however;  but  the  fact  that  it  will  germinate  under  favorable  conditions  is 
not  conclusive  evidence  that  it  will  do  well  when  planted  under  unfavor- 
able conditions. 

Early  planting  is  desirable;  however,  but  little  good  can,  and  much 
harm  may,  come  from  planting  corn  before  the  soil  is  warm  enough  to 
•cause  it  to  germinate.  "Both  the  thermometer  and  the  almanac  should  be 
•consulted."  Warm  weather  at  the  first  of  April  is  not  sufficient  reason  for 
planting  corn  in  central  Illinois;  nor  is  a  frost  the  last  of  May  a  reason 
for  ceasing  to  plant.  Comparatively  late  planting  of  sod  land  is  safest, 
because  of  less  danger  of  injury  by  insects. 

So  far  as  the  growth  of  the  plant  is  concerned,  no  good  comes  from 
covering  corn  deeper  than  is  sufficient  to  give  it  moisture  and  warmth. 
Early  in  the  season  the  surface  is  usually  moist  enough  and  warmer  than 
the  deeper  soil,  which  is  more  probably  wet  as  well  as  cold.  A  depth  of 
one  or  two  inches  is  abundantly  sufficient,  if  the  corn  be  closely  sur- 
rounded with  moist  warm  earth.  Deep  covering  of  the  seed  in  early 
planting  is  nearly  always  an  injury  to  the  crop.  There  are  some  good 
reasons  for  having  the  corn  planted  at  a  little  distance  below  the  general 
level  of  the  surface.  Harrowing  or  other  cultivation  of  the  ground  before 
the  corn  is  up  or  while  it  is  very  small  can  then  be  done  without  disturb- 
ing the  corn,  and  weeds  and  grass  just  starting  in  the  hills  may  be  more 
easily  covered  with  fine  earth  than  if  the  corn  is  on  a  level  with  the  surface. 

When  corn  is  largely  grown,  planting  with  a  machine  is  necessary, 
but  the  planting  done  by  the  best  machines,  remarkably  excellent  as  they 
are,  is  not  so  good  as  that  which  is  possible  with  hand-dropping  and  cov- 
ering with  the  hoe.  The  number  of  kernels  dropped,  the  depth,  and  the 
closeness  with  which  they  are  covered  cannot  be  so  accurately  controlled. 
In  a  good  many  cases  the  kernels  are  covered  from  sight,  but  are  simply 
left  in  a  mole-like  channel.  Having  the  surface  well  pulverized  before 
planting;  harrowing  or  pulverizing  with  some  surface-working  implement, 
or  rolling  after  planting  are  means  of  securing  more  perfect  covering. 

Drill  planting  is  theoretically  preferable  to  hill-planting.  We  prefer  it 
when  planting  on  sod  land  or  other  land  reasonably  free  from  grass  or  weed 
seeds.  In  wet  seasons  we  find  it  much  more  difficult  to  keep  drilled  corn 
clean  than  that  planted  in  hills.  Our  experiments  show  less  gain  in  yield 
from  drilled  corn  over  hill  planting  than  might  have  been  expected. 

The  corn-planter  used  by  us  makes  the  rows  3  feet  8  inches  apart. 
This  gives  3,240  hills  to  the  acre;  9,720  stalks,  with  three  stalks  to  the 
hill;  I3>95°  stalks,  with  four  stalks  to  the  hill.  If  planted  in  drill  rows 


126  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February^ 

this  distance  apart,  with  one  kernel  each  foot  in  the  row,  there  would  be 
11,880  stalks  per  acre.  Evidently  in  ordinary  corn  culture  many  stalks 
fail  to  grow  or  to  produce  even  half-sized  ears.  It  is  far  from  being  con- 
clusively proved  that  it  is  not  good  practice  to  plant  more  thickly  than  is 
ordinarily  done,  and  to  thin  after  the  extent  of  the  loss  from  poor  seed, 
poor  covering,  insects,  birds,  and  early  cultivation  is  determined. 

The  smaller  varieties  may  properly  be  planted  more  thickly  than  the 
larger  varieties,  with  rows  closer  together  or  with  the  kernels  closer  to- 
gether in  the  drills. 

CULTIVATION. 

The  best  methods  of  cultivation  depend  not  alone  on  the  character 
of  the  soil,  but  also  on  the  season.  In  almost  any  case,  stirring  the  sur- 
face shortly  before  planting  and  some  surface  cultivation  very  soon  after 
planting  is  good  practice,  excessive  wet  weather  being  sufficient  reason 
for  omitting  the  latter. 

With  a  fairly  loose,  porous  soil,  deep  cultivation  seems  little  needed, 
so  far  as  ability  of  the  roots  to  penetrate  the  soil  is  concerned.  The 
roots  of  corn  grow  with  great  rapidity,  and  when  the  surface  is  moist, 
many  of  them  remain  near  the  surface.  Deep  cultivation,  especially  near 
the  corn,  after  growth  has  well  begun,  necessarily  injures  many  roots. 
Shallow  cultivation,  at  the  right  time,  will  as  effectively  destroy  grass  or 
weeds  just  starting  to  grow  as  will  deep  culture. 

Frequent  shallow  cultivation  during  dry  weather  is  an  e'ffective  means 
of  reducing  evaporation  from  the  soil,  the  dry  stirred  surface  acting  as  a 
mulch.  Deeper  cultivation  in  drouth  exposes  more  of  the  moisture  near 
the  surface  to  the  air,  thus  somewhat  increasing  the  evaporation.  In 
time  of  drouth,  moisture  may  be  the  greatest  need  of  the  corn. 

With  a  IQOSC,  moist  soil,  free  from  weeds,  there  seems  no  sufficient 
reason  for  frequent  cultivation,  deep  or  shallow.  With  a  compact,  hard 
soil,  frequent  cultivation  will  often  do  good. 

When  there  are  rains,  preventing  frequent  cultivation,  we  have  found 
no  shallow-working  horse  tool  with  which  we  can  keep  corn  clean  in  land 
well  stocked  with  grass  or  weed  seeds.  Our  largest  yields  have  been 
when  shallow  cultivation  was  exclusively  given.  We  have  repeatedly 
grown  good  crops  with  only  such  cultivation.  But  unless  hand-hoeing 
can  be  profitably  given,  it  is  not  wise  to  dispense  entirely  with  the  use  of 
shovel  cultivators  in  wet  weather  and  on  weedy  ground. 

In  case  of  drouth,  or  when  there  are  many  weeds  starting,  shallow 
cultivation,  after  the  corn  is  too  large  to  permit  the  use  of  the  double 
cultivators,  may  help;  but  the  extra  cost  of  such  cultivation,  and  the 
danger  of  injury  by  breaking  the  stalks,  make  it  undesirable  as  a  rule. 

HARVESTING. 

The  quantity  of  dry  matter  and  the  proportion  of  the  more  valuable 
food  material,  as  shown  by  chemical  analysis,  increases  until  the  kernels 


1889-]  FIELD    EXPERIMENTS    IN    CORN 1883.     >  127 

are  fully  developed  and  begin  to  harden.  Unless  in  cases  of  scarcity  of 
other  food,  it  does  not  seem  wise  to  use  the  corn  until  this  stage  is 
reached.  At  what  point  in  the  maturing  process  the  lessened  palatability 
of  the  stalks  from  drying  begins  to  diminish  their  value  as  green  food,  we 
have  not  determined.  We  have  found  it  profitable  to  feed  the  corn, 
stalks,  and  ears,  to  both  cattle  and  hogs  so  long  as  the  stalks  were  readily 
eaten  by  them;  then  to  continue  feeding  the  ripening  ears. 

Cutting  corn  for  future  use  before  the  lower  part  of  the  stalks  has 
become  yellow,  and  the  kernels  fairly  hardened,  causes  loss  in  the  weight 
and  the  quality  of  the  corn.  Delaying  until  the  stalks  have  become  dry 
and  the  ears  well  dried,  causes  serious  loss  to  the  value  of  the  stalks. 

It  is  believed  medium  sized  varieties,  especially  with  short-jointed 
stalks,  thus  increasing  the  number  of  leaves,  are  better  either  for  dry 
fodder  or  ensilage,  than  the  very  forge,  coarse,  tall-growing  varieties. 
Attempting  to  reach  fineness  of  stalks  by  excessively  thick  planting  of  the 
large  varieties  is  not  good  practice. 

The  difference  in  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  early  and  late  matur- 
ing varieties  at  the  usual  husking  season  is  often  very  great.  The  shrinkage 
in  weight  in  a  few  weeks,  or  even  days,  especially  after  husking,  is  often 
not  fully  considered  in  buying  or  selling.  The  shrinkage  of  the  whole 
crop  is  considerably  greater  than  that  of  selected  ears.  Early  husking 
makes  necessary  the  handling  of  a  large  quantity  of  water  in  the  corn;  but 
the  more  favorable  weather  and  the  danger  of  loss  from  bad  weather 
make  it  advisable  to  husk  the  uncut  corn  as  soon  as  it  is  in  fit  condition 
for  marketing  or  storing. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  Agriculturist. 
T.  F.   HUNT,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 


GARDEN  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  SWEET  CORN,  1888. 

Experiment  No.  4.9.     Sweet  Corn,  Testing  Varieties. 

In  the  classification  of  sweet   corn,  the  varieties  are  first   divided 

according  to  time  of  reaching  edible  tnaturity  after  planting,  into:  Early, 

sixty-three  days  or  less;    Medium,  sixty-four  to  seventy-one  days;  Late, 

seventy-two  days  or  more.     A  further  division  is  made  on  color:    Yellow, 

White,  Other  colors. 

In  the  descriptions,  where  the  same  variety  has  been  received  under 
different  names,  it  is  not  assumed  that  one  is  correct;  that  question  is  left 
to  be  determined  later.  Further  study  may  make  changes  in  the  grouping 
of  names  or  in  the  classification.  Frequently,  where  two  or  more  names 
have  been  placed  together,  they  do  not  represent  exactly  the  same  thing; 
for  instance,  Roslyn  hybrid  sweet,  and  Roslyn  hybrid  sugar  are  not  quite 
alike,  but  as  much  like  each  other  as  either  of  them  is  like  anything  else. 
The  variation  may  have  come  from  a  difference  in  the  way  of  selecting, 
or  from  mixing  with  some  other  variety. 

Each  plat  had  three  rows  two  rods  long,  the  rows  being  three  feet 
•eight  inches  apart;  the  hills  were  two  feet  apart  in  the  rows,  making  forty- 
eight  to  the  plat.  It  was  intended  to  have  three  stalks  in  a  hill,  and  that 
number  is  counted  a  full  stand. 

The  plats  were  planted  May  yth  to  loth;  this  first  planting,  however, 
was  destroyed  by  cut-worms.  They  were  replanted  June  5th,  except  Nos. 
90,  91,  and  92,  which  were  replanted  June  i6th.  They  were  given  the 
usual  cultivation. 

The  numbers  used  in  the  descriptions  are  the  same  as  the  plat  num- 
bers in  the  table. 

EARLY  VARIETIES — Yellow. 

No.  48,  Golden  sugar;  Henderson.  No.  75,  Early  orange  sugar;  Dreer.  Ears  of 
•the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  64  days,  and  of  the  second  in  63  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  6\4  feet  high>  slender,  long-jointed;  tassels,  not  much  branched,  rather 
stifl;%  suckers,  numerous;  husk-blades,  small  to  medium;  ears,  18  to  20  inches  from  the 
ground,  golden  yellow,  5  to  6^  inches  long,  i  4  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even 
or  slightly  rounded  over  the  butt,  not  quite  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8,  occasionally 
10,  inclined  to  be  irregular;  pairs  of  rows,  usually  distinctly  separated;  cob,  white,  .9  to 
I  inch  in  diameter;  kernels,  fairly  solid,  flatly  rounded  at  top,  crinkled,  not  so  deep  as 
broad.  The  Larly  orange  sugar  is  a  little  more  solid  in  ear  and  a  little  more  slender  in 
stalk  than  the  other. 


1889.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN — 1888.  129- 

EARLY  VARIETIES — White. 

No.  jo,  Extra  early  Tom  Thumb;  Henderson.  Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  60  days  from 
planting. 

Stalks,  3^  to  5  feet  high,  rather  long-jointed,  slender;  tassels,  not  many-branched, 
slender,  drooping;  husk-blades,  many,  medium  size;  ears,  10  to  12  inches  from  the  ground, 
white,  nearly  cylindrical,  round  pointed,  part  of  them  curved,  4^  to  6  inches  long,  1.4 
to  1.5  inches  in  diameter,  kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  nearly  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  8, 
regular;  pairs  of  rows,  usually  not  very  distinct,  though  sometimes  entirely  separated 
near  the  butt;  cob,  white,  .8  to  .9  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  kernels,  solid,  flatly  rounded 
over  the  top,  broader  than  deep,  crinkled  or  crimped.  A  very  neat  but  small  ear.  This 
is  not  very  different  from  the  next  variety. 

No.  6g,  Dolly  Dutton;  Lanclreth.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  58  days  from  planting. 

The  chief  differences  noted  between  this  and  the  above  are  that  this  is  earlier,  has  a 
little  larger  ear  and  kernel,  and  a  slight  difference  in  color,  this  being  the  lighter.  If  the 
two  varieties  were  mixed,  they  could  not  be  separated. 

No.  32,  Early  sweet  or  sugar.    Ferry.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  63  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  7  feet  high,  dark  green;  tassels,  slender  and  drooping;  suckers,  numer- 
ous; husks,  with  medium  sized  blades;  ears,  20  to  24  inches  high,  white,  cylindrical, 
round-  or  taper-pointed,  most  of  them  curved,  6^  to  8  inches  long,  1.4  to  1.6  inches  in 
diameter,  kernels,  barely  even  at  the  butt,  not  quite  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8;  pairs- 
of  rows,  distinct  or  entirely  separated  toward  the  butt;  cob,  white,  .9  to  I  inch  in  diam- 
eter; kernels  solid,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  broader  than  deep,  rather  thick,  crinkled. 
A  slender  ear. 

No.  n,  Early  Minnesota;  Vaughan.  No.  66,  Extra  early  Minnesota  sugar;  Lan- 
dreth.  Ears  of  the  first,  fit  for  use  in  61  days,  and  of  the  second  in  62  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4^  to  5  feet  high,  rather  long-jointed;  blades,  small;  tassels,  drooping;, 
suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades;  ears,  12  to  18  inches  from  the 
ground,  dull  white,  cylindrical,  tapering  at* the  tip,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt  from 
added  kernels,  5^  to  7  inches  long,  1.4  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter,  kernels,  even  at  the  butt, 
well  to  poorly  filled  at  the  tip;  rows,  8,  fairly  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  usually  distinct, 
though  sometimes  widely  separated  at  the  butt;  cob,  white,  .8  to  I  inch  in  diameter;, 
kernels,  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  broader  than  deep,  crinkled. 

No.  16  and 29,  Crosby1  s  early;  Vaughan  and  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.     A'o. 

38,  Crosby's  extra  early  su^ar;  Smith.     No   46,  Crosby's  early  sugar;  Henderson.     A\>. 

39,  Extra  early  Crosby 's  sugar;  Landreth.     No.  /./,  Crosby's  extra  early  sugar;  Dreei . 
Ears  from  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  63  days,  from  the  -third  in  62  days,  and  from  the  other 
three  in  64  days  from  planting.     The  lot  grown  from  Smith's  seed  was  not  true  to  type. 

Stalks,  5^  to  7  feet  high,  rather  slender,  long  jointed;  tassels,  slender  and  drooping; 
suckers,  numerous;  husk-blades,  small  to  medium  size;  ears,  18  to  24  inches  from  the 
ground,  white,  generally  cylindrical,  tapering  at  the  tip,  a  few  taper  from  the  butt,  5  to  7 
inches  long,  1.4  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  at  the  buff,  nearly,  sometimes* 
entirely  filling  out  the  tip;  cob,  white,  .9  to  i.i  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  solid,  flatly 
rounded  over  the  top,  rather  thick,  nearly  as  deep  as  broad,  crinkled.  A  neat,  smooth  ear. 

No.  53,  Early  Landreth  market;  Landreth.  Corn  was  first  fit  for  use  in  56  days 
from  planting. 

Stalks,  4^  to  by?,  feet  high,  leafy,  short-joint»d;  tassels,  slender  and  drooping; 
suckers,  very  few;  husks  with  few  small  blades;  ears,  16  to  20  inches  from  the  ground, 
white,  cylindrical,  tapering  irregularly  at  the  tip,  5  to  7^  inches  long,  1.4  to  1.8  inches 
in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8  to  12,  regular; 
pairs  of  rows,  nearly  separated  in  the  8  rowed  but  scarcely  noticeable  separation  in  the  12- 
rowed;  cob,  white,  I  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  broader 
than  deep,  smooth  or  slightly  dented.  Has  the  appearance  of  a  flint  corn  when  ripe. 


130  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  [February, 

A'o.  J,  Adams'1  early;  Vaughan.  No.  37,  Extra  early  Adams;  Landreth.  Ears, 
from  the  fiist  were  fit  for  use  in  57  days,  and  from  the  second  in  60  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4%  to  S1A  feet  h'gh,  rather  short-jointed;  tassels,  not  much  branched,  stiff; 
ears,  16  to  20  inches  from  the  ground,  white,  cylindrical,  tapering  at  the  tip,  4^  to  6 
inches  long,  1.6  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  rounded  over  the  butt,  not  filling  out 
at  the  tip;  rows  of  kernels,  10  to  12,  regular,  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  I  to 
1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  very  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  about  as  deep  as  broad; 
top,  creased  or  smooth.  These  varieties  are  not  sweet  but  are  used  for  the  table. 

EARLY  VARIETIES — Colored,  not  yellow. 

Nos.  23  and  7,  Cory;  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Vaughan.  No.  39,  Early 
Cory;  Smith.  No.  45,  Cory  early  sugar;  Henderson.  The  earliest  ears  from  the  seed 
obtained  ol  Vaughan  were  fit  for  use  in  54  days;  from  the  others  in  55  and  56  days  from 
planting. 

Stalks,  3^  to  5  feet  high,  slender,  upper  part  of  the  stalk  long-jointed;  suckers,  very 
few;  tassels,  stiff;  husk-blades,  small  to  medium;  ear,  10  to  12  inches  from  the  ground, 
cylindrical,  tapering  roundly  at  the  tip,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt  by  the  addition 
of  extra  kernels,  4  to  6  inches  long,  1.3  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the 
butt,  sometimes,  but  not  usually  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8,  mostly  regular,  sometimes 
very  irregular;  pairs  of  rows,  but  little  to  widely  separated;  dull  white  to  nearly  blood- 
red;  cob,  white  or  red,  .8  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  solid,  rounded  over  the  top, 
broader  than  deep,  crinkled  or  smooth.  This  variety  has  not  a  very  settled  type. 

No.  7J>,  Marblehead  sugar;  Dreer.  No.  9,  Marblehead  early;  Vaughan.  No.  JJ, 
Extra  early  Marblehead;  Ferry.  Ears  of  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  55  days,  and  of  the 
other  two  in  56  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  3^  to  4^  feet  high,  rather  stout,  short  jointed;  tassels,  rather  stiff,  not  much 
branched;  suckers,  few;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades;  ears,  12  to  16  inches 
from  the  ground,  reddish  to  flesh  color,  nearly  cylindrical,  generally  larger  at  the  butt 
and  tapering  off  rather  roundly  at  the  tip,  5  to  7  inches  long,  1.4  to  1.6  inches  in  diameter; 
kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  nearly  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8,  occasionally  10,  not 
crowded;  pairs  of  rows,  usually  separated  or  widely  separated;  cob,  red,  .9  to  i.i  inches 
in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled,  sometimes  smooth. 

No.  79,  New  Cory;  Nellis.     Seems  to  be  a  later  strain  of  the  Marblehead.     Ears 
were  first  fit  for  use  in  59  days  from  planting. 
Stalks,  4  to  5>£  feet  high. 

No.  77,  Chicago  market;  Vaughan.  No.  78,  Ballard's  ex'.ra  early;  Storrs  &  Har- 
rison. Ears  of  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  59  days  and  of  the  second  in  57  days  from 
planting. 

•  Stalks,  4  to  5  feet  high,  not  very  strong;  tassels,  not  much  branched,  stiff  to  droop- 
ing; suckers,  not  many;  husk-blades,  small  to  medium,  not  numerous;  ears,  12  to  15 
inches  from  the  ground,  white  to  pale  flesh  color,  nearly  cylindrical  to  abruptly  tapering, 
rounded  at  the  tip,  5  to  6^  inches  long,  1.4  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  or 
slightly  rounding  past  the  butt,  entirely  Or  nearly  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  8  to  12,  npt 
distinct  in  the  12-rowed  to  separated  in  the  8-rowed;  cob,  white  or  pink,  .8  to  i.i  inches 
in  diameter;  kernels,  solid,  rounded  or  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  broader  than  deep, 
rather  thick,  crinkled  or  nearly  smooth.  Very  neat  cars. 

No.  ji,  Early  red  Narragansett;  Ferry.  No.  60,  Extra  early  Narragansett  sugar. 
Landreth.  Ears  of  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  61  days,  and  of  the  second  in  59  days  from 
planting. 

Stalks,  6^/2  to  6  feet  high,  stout,  short-jointed,  dark  green,  conspicuously  marked 
with  purple;  tassels,  not  many-branched,  stiff;  husk  blades,  medium  size,  numerous;  ear, 


1889.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN 1888.  131 

18  to  20  inches  from  the  ground,  flesh  color  to  dark  red,  cylindrical,  sometimes  enlarged 
at  the  butt  by  openness  between  the  pairs  of  rows,  tapering  at  the  lip,  6  to  7^  inches 
long,  1.4  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  at  the  butt,  sometimes,  but  not  com- 
monly filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  8;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  sometimes  entirely  separated 
toward  the  butt;  cob,  red,  I  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  fairly  solid,  rounded  over 
(he  top,  crimped,  broader  than  deep. 

iVo.  70,  Golden  sugar;  Landreth.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  63  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4 1o  6  feet  high,  leafy,  short-jointed,  rather  stiff;  tassels,  stiff;  suckers,  not 
.many;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades;  ears,  12  to  18  inches  from  the  ground, 
nearly  white  to  dark  red,  nearly  cylindrical  to  tapering,  bluntly  pointed,  5^  to  7^  inches 
long,  1.5  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  slightly  rounded  over  the  butt,  sometimes 
nearly  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct  in  the  12- 
rowed  but  distinct  or  separated  in  the  8-rowed;  cob,  nearly  white  to  red,  .9  to  I.I  inches 
in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid, 'rounded  or  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled,  nearly 
as  deep  as  broad.  This  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  other  Golden  sugar  and  may  be  mis- 
named. 

MEDIUM  VARIETIES — White. 

• 

No.  67,  Darling;  Landreth.  Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  64  days  from  planting. 
Stalks,  5.5  to  7  feet  high,  rather  slender,  long-jointed;  tassels,  all  drooping;  husks, 
with  small  blades;  ears,  22  to  28  inches  from  the  ground,  white,  tapering,  usually  rounded 
at  the  tip,  frequently  curved,  7  to  9  inches  long,  1.4  to  1.6  inches  in  diameter,  kernels 
even  at  the  butt,  not  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  8,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct  or  en- 
tirely separated;  cob,  white,  .9  to  i.i  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  solid  or  nearly  solid, 
rounded  over  the  top,  broader  than  deep,  crinkled. 

No.  88,  Albany  sugar;  Dreer.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  64  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5J^  to  7  feet  high,  long  jointed,  dark  green;  tassels,  short,  bunchy  and  stiff; 
suckers,  many;  husk-blades,  small;  ears,  20  to  28  inches  from  the  ground,  dull  white, 
cylindrical,  tapering  bluntly  at  the  tip,  6  to  7  inches  long,  1.5  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter, 
kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  not  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows, 
not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  I  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  loose,  flatly  rounded 
over  the  top,  not  so  deep  as  broad,  thick,  large,  crimped. 

No.  24,  Breck's  premier;  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Corn  first  fit  for  use  in 
64  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  5  to  6  feet  high,  strong,  leafy,  dark  green;  tassels,  rather  stiff;  suckers,  many; 
husks,  with  medium  to  large  blades;  ears,  24  to  30  inches  from  the  ground,  dull  white, 
tapering,  bluntly  pointed,  6^  to  8  inches  long,  1.6  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter,  kernels, 
barely  even  at  the  butt,  not  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows, 
not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  rounded 
over  the  top,  nearly  as  deep  as  broad,  thick,  crinkled  or  crimped. 

No.  JO,  Perry'' s  hybrid,-  Vaughan.  Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  64  days  from  planting. 
This  variety  has  not  a  settled  type,  part  of  the  ears  looking  as  if  crossed  with  some  field 
corn. 

Stalks,  4  to  6  feet  high;  ears,  dull  white  or  pinkish,  cylindrical  or  tapering,  6  to  8 
inches  long,  1.6  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  at  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at  the 
tip;  rows,  8  to  12,  regular  or  irregular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct  to  widely  separated; 
•cob,  white  or  pink,  i  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  fairly  solid,  rounded  or  flatly 
rounded  over  the  top,  crimped  or  smooth.  Very  variable 

Aros.  34.  and  4,  Moore'1  s  early  Concord;  Ferry  and  Vaughan.  No.  6j,  Early  Concord 
sugar;  Landreth.  Corn  from  the  first  was  fit  for  use  in  65  days,  from  the  second  in  68 
•days,  and  from  the  last  in  67  days  from  planting. 


132  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  \_Febtuary, 

Stalks,  5  to  7  feet  high,  short  jointed;  tassel*,  long,  slender,  and  drooping;  suckers, 
numerous;  husks,  with  many  medium  sized  blades;  ears,  18  to  24  inches  from  the  ground, 
dull  white,  cylindrical,  roundly  pointed  at  the  tip,  5^  to  8  inches  long,  1.6  to  2  inches 
in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  nearly  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  14,  regular;, 
pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  loose, 
flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  nearly  as  deep  as  broad,  very  thick,  crimped. 

No.  72,  Shaker 's  early  sweet;  Henderson.  Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  66  days  from 
planting.  f 

Stalks,  5  to  7  feet  high,'  rather  heavy,  leafy;  tassels,  heavy,  stiff;  husks,  with  small 
blades;  ear,  18  to  24  inches  from  the  ground,  dull  white,  cylindrical  or  tapering,  roundly 
pointed,  5^  to  7  inches  long,  1.6  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  slightly 
rounded  at  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  dis- 
tinct; cob,  white,  I  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  nearly  solid,  rounded  over  the  top, 
broader  than  deep,  thick,  crinkled  or  nearly  smooth. 

No.  14,  Pee  and  Kay;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  67  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4^  to  £>yz  feet  high,  short-jointed,  leafy,  dark  green;  tassels,  rather  stiff; 
husks,  with  small  narrow  blades;  ears,  12  to  16  inches  from  the  ground,  slightly  or 
abruptly  tapering,  sometimes  compressed  at  the  butt,  round-  or  long-pointed,  very  dull 
white,  6  to  8  inches  long,  1.6  to  2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  nearly  even  at  tjje 
butt,  not  quite  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct  to 
nearly  separated  at  the  butt  of  some  ears;  cob,  white,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter; 
kernels,  not  solid,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled  or  crimped,  nearly  as  deep  as 
broad,  thick  or  very  thick.  In  appearance  very  similar  to  Asylum  sugar,  but  smaller  and 
earlier. 

No.  49,  Squanlum  sugar;  Henderson.    Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  69  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  leafy,  short-jointed,  heavy;  tassels,  stirl;  suckers,  none; 
husks,  with  small  blades;  ears,  24  to  30  inches  from  the  ground,  very  dull  white,  taper- 
ing, sometimes  compressed,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt,  rounded  at  the  tip,  5^  to 
7j^  inches  long,  1.6  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  slightly  rounded  over  the 
butt,  nearly  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  12,  very  regular,  except  at  the  butt;  pairs  of  rows,  not 
distinctly  separated;  cob,  white  or  pink,  i  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  fairly  solid, 
flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled  or  crimped,  nearly  as  broad  as  deep,  rather  thick. 

No.  92,  Sweet  fodder;  Vaughan.     First  ears  fit  for  use  in  70  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  3  to  3^  feet  high,  not  very  leafy;  tassels,  few,  branches,  stiff;  suckers,  very 
few;  ears,  8  to  10  inches  from  the  ground,  white,  cylindrical,  tapering  at  the  tip,  3^  to 
5  inches  long,  i  to  1.5  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  barely  even  at  the  butt,  not 
filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  sometimes  entirely  sepa- 
rated; cob,  white,  .7  to  .8  inch  in  diameter;  kernels,  fairly  solid,  rounded  over  the  top, 
not  so  deep  as  broad,  rather  thick,  crinkled  or  smooth,  small.  This  is  not  worth  growing 
for  table  use,  being  entirely  too  small  for  so  late  a  variety.  Something  of  larger  growth 
would  also  be  of  more  value  for  feeding. 

Nos.  22  and  2j,  Stabler' s  early ;  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  No.  87,  Stabler'1  s 
extra  early  sugar;  Dreer.  Aro.  j6,  Stabler'1  s  extra  early  sweet;  Smith.  No.  jj,  Sta- 
o/er's  early  sugar;  Henderson.  Corn  of  the  first  two  was  fit  for  use  in  66  days,  of  the 
third  in  68  days,  of  the  fourth  in  69  days,  and  of  the  last  in  71  days  from  planting.  THie 
first  two  produced  rather  smaller  corn  than  the  rest. 

Stalks,  5  to  7  feet  high,  rather  long-jointed,  pale  green;  tassels,  slender,  drooping  or 
stifl;  suckers,  not  many;  husks,  with  small  blades;  ears,  16  to  24  inches  from  the  ground, 
white,  tapering,  rounded  at  the  tip,  6  to  7^  inches  long,  1.5  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter; 
kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  filled  out  or  nearly  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  14,  regular; 
pairs  of  rows,  not  distinctly  separated;  cob,  white,  i  to  i.i  inches  in  diameter;  kernels, 
fairly  solid,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled  and  crimped,  as  deep  as  broad. 


1889-]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN 1888.    .  133 

No.  61,  Red  cob  sugar;  Landreth.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  70  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6j^  to  8^4  feet  high,  heavy,  very  dark  green,  characteristically  marked  with 
purple;  tassels,  slender  and  drooping;  suckers,  many;  husk  blades,  small  to  large,  many; 
ears,  2^  103  feet  from  the  ground,  dark  or  reddish  white,  generally  cylindrical,  rounded 
at  the  tip,  or  sometimes  tapering,  7  to  8^  inches  long,  1.6  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter; 
kernels,  even  or  barely  even  at  the  butt,  fairly  well  filled  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  reg- 
ular, sometimes  spirally  arranged;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  red,  I  to  1.4 
inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  very  loose,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  as  deep  as  broad, 
rather  thick,  crinkled  and  wrinkled. 

No.  6,  Livingston's  evergreen;  Vaughan.  Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  71  days  from 
planting. 

Very  similar  to  the  above;  ear,  a  little  longer  and  more  slender:  cob,  not  so  large 
and  not  so  much  purple  on  the  stalk  and  blades;  rows,  8  to  12,  but  the  8-rowed  ears  are 
not  common. 

No.  15,  Asylum  sugar;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  71  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  rather  long-jointed,  blades,  large;  tassels,  many-branched, 
stiff  or  drooping;  suckers,  not  many;  husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades;  ears, 
16  to  24  inches  from  the  ground,  abruptly  tapering,  sometimes  compressed  at  the  butt; 
tip,  bluntly  rounded,  very  dull  white,  7^  to  9^  inches  long,  1.6  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter; 
kernels,  not  quite  even  at  the  butt,  nearly  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  lo  to  12,  regular;  pairs 
of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  solid,  flatly  or 
broadly  rounded  over  the  top,  not  so  deep  as  broad,  thick  or  very  thick,  crinkled  and 
crimped.  There  is  occasionally  an  8-rowed  ear,  but  it  does  not  look  as  if  it  belonged  in 
this  variety. 

No.  68,  Landreth  sugar;  Landreth.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  71  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  heavy,  short-jointed,  leafy,  dark  green;  tassels,  short,  thick, 
and  stiff;  suckers,  many;  husk-blades,  medium  size,  many;  ears,  28  to  36  inches  from  the 
ground,  white,  tapering,  rounded  at  the  tip,  6  to  9  inches  long,  1.8  to  2  inches  in  diam- 
eter, kernels  rounded  over  the  butt,  filling  or  nearly  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  16, 
regular,  sometimes  spirally  arranged;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  I  to  1.2 
inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  deeper  than  broad,  crimped  or 
wrinkled,  loose. 

No.  84,  Early  Adams;  Henderson.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  70  days  from  planting. 

Stalk,  5  to  7  feet  high,  heavy;  tassels,  short,  bunchy,  stiff.  Owing  to  a  very  poor 
stand,  our  specimen  ears  were  too  imperfect  for  a  description. 

This  is  not  a  sweet  corn,  but  is  grown  for  table  use.  It  is  different  from  Adams' 
early,  page  130. 

MEDIUM  VARIETIES — Colored,  not  yellow. 

No.  82,  Early  orange  sweet;  farm,  Field  and  Stockman.  Ears  of  this  were  first  fit 
for  use  in  65  days  from  planting. 

Stalks  ^yz  to  7  feet  high,  rather  long-jointed;  tassels,  many-branched,  stiff  or  droop- 
ing; suckers,  many;  husk-blades,  medium  to  large,  numerous;  ears,  20  to  30  inches  from 
the  ground,  white  to  flesh  color,  tapering  slightly  from  the  butt  and  bluntly  at  the  tip, 
7  to  8  inches  long,  1.7  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  bntt,  not  quite  fill- 
ing out  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct  on  most  of  the 
ears;  cobs,  white  or  red,  i.i  to  1.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  rounded  or 
flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled  or  crimped,  as  deep  as  broad,  This  is  a  rather  neat 
ear,  and  is  entirely  distinct  from  No.  82,  Early  orange  sweet. 

No.  j,  Black  Mexican;  Vaughan.  No.  40,  Black  Mexican  sweet;  Smith.  No.  4.3, 
Black  Mexican  sugar;  Henderson.  Ears  from  the  first  two  were  fit  for  use  in  66  days, 
and  from  the  last  in  68  days  from  planting. 

-7 


134  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  {February, 

Stalks,  5  to  7  feet  high,  rather  slender,  long-jointed,  very  light  green;  suckers,  few; 
husks,  with  medium  to  large  blades;  ears,  16  to  24  inches  from  the  ground,  cylindrical, 
tapering  at  the  tip,  6  to  7^  inches  long,  1.3  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  scarcely 
even  at  the  butt,  not  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8,  or  occasionally  10,  regular;  pairs  of 
rows,  usually  but  little  separated,  though  sometimes  widely  separated;  black  or  slate 
color;  cob,  white,  .7  to  i.i  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  round  over  the  top, 
crinkled  or  crimped,  broader  than  deep. 


LATE  VARIETIES—  White. 

Nos.  33  and  12,  Stowell's  evergreen;  Ferry  and  Vaughan.  No.  64,  Evergreen  sweet 
or  sugar;  Landreth.  Ears  from  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  69  days,  from  the  other  two 
in  74  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  strong,  short-jointed;  tassels,  many-branched,  rather  stiff, 
heavy;  suckers,  not  many;  husk-blades,  small  to  medium  size;  ears,  24  to  28  inches  from 
the  ground,  white,  usually  tapering,  sometimes  nearly  cylindrical,  1l/2  to  10  inches  long, 
1.9  to  2.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  at  the  butt,  sometimes,  but  not  commonly 
filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  14  to  16,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  but  little  more  separated  than 
the  single  rows;  cob,  white,  I.I  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  very  loose,  flatly 
rounded  over  the  top,  wrinkled,  deeper  than  broad.  A  coarse-looking,  deep  grained  ear. 

No.  90,  Early  sugar;  Nellis.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  72  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  4^  to  6  feet  high;  ears,  16  to  20  inches  from  the  ground,  dull  white,  cylin- 
drical or  tapering,  round  or  long  pointed,  5  to  8  inches  long,  1.7  to  1.9  inches  in  diam- 
eter, kernels  barely  even  at  the  butt,  not  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  to  12,  regular  or 
somewhat  irregular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.2  to  1.4  inches  in 
diameter;  kernels,  very  loose,  rounded  over  the  top,  not  so  deep  as  broad,  thick,  crimped 
or  smooth.  Not  a  handsome  ear. 

Nos.  58  and  ij,  Early  mammoth  sugar;  Landreth  and  Vaughan.  Corn  from  these 
plats  was  first  fit  for  use  in  72  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  stout,  short-jointed,  large  leaved;  tassels,  drooping;  suckers, 
few;  husk  blades,  small;  ears,  24  to  28  inches  from  the  ground,  dull  white,  tapering, 
rounded  at  the  tip,  sometimes  compressed  at  the  butt,  7.5  to  10  inches  in  length,  1.7  to 
2.2  i.iches  in  diameter,  even  or  nearly  even  at  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows, 
12  to  14,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob.  white,  I  to  1.4  inches  in  diameter; 
kernels,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  as  deep  as  broad,  thick,  crinkled;  ear  stalk,  very 
large  and  strong.  A  large,  rather  coarse  ear. 

No.  81,  Large  eight  rowed;  Nellis.  No.  30,  Darling 's  sugar;  McAllister.  No.  28, 
Early  fight-rowed;  McAllister.  No.  44,  Large  early  eight-rowed  sweet;  Henderson. 
No.  25  Perry's  hybrid;  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Ears  of  the  first  were  fit  for 
use  in  69  days;  of  the  second,  in  73  days;  of  the  third  and  fourth,  in  74  days;  and  of  the 
last,  in  72  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6^  to  8^  feet  high,  medium  to  long-jointed,  rather  slender;  tassels,  slender, 
drooping;  suckers,  not  many;  husk-blades,  small,  not  numerous;  ears  20  to  30  inches 
high,  white  or  bleached  white,  tapering,  long  or  bluntly  pointed,  sometimes  curved,  8  to 
10  inches  long,  1.5  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  or  nearly  even  at  the  butt, 
filling  out  or  nearly  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  8,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct,  some- 
times entirely  separated  toward  the  butt;  cob,  white,  I  to  i.i  inches  in  diameter;  kernels, 
not  solid,  broadly  rounded  over  the  top,  broader  than  deep,  crinkled,  large.  A  long, 
slender  ear. 

No.  56,  Hickox'  improved;  Landreth.  Nos.  2  and  32,  Hickox  improved  sugar; 
Vaughan  and  Henderson.  Ears  from  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  71  days,  from  the  second 
in  74  days,  and  from  the  third  in  72  days  from  planting. 


1889.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN — [888.  135 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  heavy,  leafy,  short-jointed;  tassels,  full,  rather  stiff;  suckers, 
not  many;  husk-blades,  small  to  medium;  ears,  30  to  36  inches  from  the  ground,  white 
or  bleached  white,  cylindrical,  rounded  or  roundly  pointed  at  the  tip,  8  to  10  inches  long, 
1.7  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  scarcely  even  at  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at  the  tip; 
rows,  10  to  14,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  1.3  to  1.4  inches  in  diam- 
eter; kernels,  not  solid,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  nearly  as  deep  as  broad,  thick, 
crinkled  or  crimped,  ear  stalk,  very  large.  Not  an  attractive  ear. 

No.  /,  Potter's  excelsior;  Vaughan.  No.  83,  Excelsior  sugar;  Maule.  Ears  of  the 
first  were  fit  for  use  in  72  days  and  of  the  second  in  74  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  8  to  10  feet  high,  rather  strong,  short-jointed,  pale  green;  tassels,  many- 
branched,  drooping;  suckers,  not  very  many;  husk-blades,  small;  ears,  2  to  3  feet  from 
the  ground,  dull  white,  cylindrical,  rounded  at  the  tip,  frequently  curved,  6  to  8  inches 
long,  1.5  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  scarcely  even  at  the  butt,  filled  out  or  not 
filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  8  to  10,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  usually  distinct;  cob,  white,  I 
to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  rounded  or  flatly  rounded  over  the  top, 
broader  than  deep,  crinkled  or  wrinkled. 

No.  19,  Triumph;  Vaughan.  No.  65,  Triumph  sugar;  Landreth.  No.  4.1,  Triumph 
sweet;  Smith.  Corn  from  the  first  was  fit  for  use  in  72  days,  from  the  second  in  73  days, 
and  from  the  last  in  76  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  stout,  short-jointed;  tassels,  full  and  heavy;  suckers,  few; 
husks,  with  many  medium  sized  blades;  ears,  24  to  30  inches  from  the  ground,  white, 
cylindrical,  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  butt,  tapering  roundly  at  the  tip,  "]%  to  9^5  inches 
long,  1.6  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  at  the  butt,  not  commonly  filled  out  at  the 
tip;  rows,  8  to  10;  pairs  of  rows,  distinct  to  entirely  separated;  cob,  white,  I  to  1.4  inches 
in  diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  rounded  over  the  top,  very  large,  broader  than  deep, 
crinkled  or  crimped;  ear  stalk,  very  strong;  the  ear  frequently  breaks  in  two  in  husking. 

No.  86,  —     — ,•  J.  R.  Hiestand.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  74  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  lY-i  feet  high,  leafy,  pale  green;  tassels,  close,  many-branched,  rather 
stiff;  suckers,  many;  ears,  28  to  36  inches  from  the  ground,  clear  cream-white,  slightly 
tapering,  5^  to  6^  inches  long,  1.3  to  1.7  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  rounded  past  the 
butt,  not  filling  out  quite  at  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  14,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  dis- 
tinct; cob,  .9  to  I  inch  in  diameter;  kernels,  loose,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  deeper 
than  broad,  crinkled  or  wrinkled.  This  variety  is  not  yet  catalogued  or  named. 

No.  21,  Improved  evergreen;  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Corn  first  fit  for 
use  in  74  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6.5  to  7.5  feet  high,  strong;  ear,  24  to  30  inches  from  the  ground,  white, 
cylindrical  tapering  roundly  at  the  point,  or  tapering  from  the  butt,  6  to  7^  inches  long, 
1.7  to  2.1  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  rounding  over  the  butt,  not  filing  out  at  the  tip; 
rows,  12  to  14,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.3  to  1.4  inches  in 
diameter;  kernels,  not  solid,  very  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  nearly  as  deep  as  broad, 
rather  thick,  crimped.  A  very  neat,  attractive  ear. 

No.  20,  Old  Colony;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  74  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  7^  feet  high,  very  heavy,  leafy,  dark  green;  tassels,  stiff  and  heavy; 
husks,  with  small  blades;  ear,  16  to  20  inches  from  the  ground,  clear  white,  tapering 
abruptly,  commonly  curved,  6j^  to  7  inches  long,  1.6  to  1.9  inches  in  diameter;  kernels, 
rounded  over  the  butt,  not  quite  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  14,  regular  or  irregular; 
pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  .9  to  1. 1  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  very  loose, 
flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  deeper  than  broad,  crimped  or  wrinkled. 

No.  54,  Roslyn  hybrid  sugar;  Henderson.  No.  37,  Roslyn  hybrid  sweet;  Smith. 
Corn  from  the  first  was  fit  for  use  in  72  days;  from  the  second,  in  76  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  8  feet  high,  heavy,  leafy;  tassels,  heavy  and  rather  stiff;  suckers,  few; 
husks,  with  small  to  medium  sized  blades;  ear,  24  to  30  inches  from  the  ground,  dull 


136  BULLETIN  NO.  4.  \_February, 

white,  nearly  cylindrical  to  abruptly  tapering,  blunt  pointed,  7  to  9^  inches  long,  2  to 
2.3  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  even  or  slightly  rounded  over  the  butt,  not  filling  out  at 
the  tip;  rows,  10  to  16,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  very  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.2  to  1.4 
inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  loose  or  very  loose,  rounded  or  flatly  rounded  over  the  top, 
deeper  than  broad,  part  of  them  very  thick,  crimped  or  wrinked.  A  rather  coarse  ear. 

Nos.  26,  8,  and  8g,  Egyptian;  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Vaughan,  and  Dreer. 
No.  62,  Egyptian  sugar;  Landreth.  Ears  from  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  73  days,  from 
the  second  and  third  in  74  days,  and  from  the  last  in  80  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6^  to  8  feet  high,  leafy,  heavy,  short-jointed;  suckers,  not  many;  tassels, 
heavy,  rather  stiff;  husks,  with  small  blades;  ear,  2  to  3  feet  high,  tapering  to  strongly 
tapering,  bluntly  rounded  at  the  tip,  6  to  8^£  inches  long,  1.5  to  2  inches  in  diameter;  ker- 
nels, even  or  slightly  rounded  over  at  the  butt,  usually  nearly  filling  out  at  the  tip;  rows, 
12  to  14,  regular  or  irregular;  pairs. of  rows,  not  very  distinct,  white,  clear  color;  cob, 
white,  i  to  1.2  inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  loose,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  as  deep  as 
broad,  not  large,  crimped  and  wrinkled. 

No.  18,  Late  mammoth;  Vaughan.  No.  jf,  Mammoth  sugar;  Henderson.  Corn 
from  the  first  was  fit  for  use  in  76  days  and  from  the  second  in  80  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  7  to  8)4  feet  high,  strong,  leafy,  pale  green;  tassels,  large,  many-branched, 
drooping;  husk-blades,  small;  ears,  28  to  33  inches  from  the  ground,  dull  white,  taper- 
ing, roundly  pointed,  8.5  to  11.5  inches  in  length,  1.8  to  2.4  inches  in  diameter,  kernels 
even  at  the  butt,  nearly  filling  out  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  18,  not  very  regular;  pairs  of  rows, 
sometimes  separated  at  the  butt;  cob  , white,  1.2  to  1.8  inches  in  diameter;  kernels, 
rounded  or  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  as  deep  as  broad,  thick,  crinkled  or  crimped, 
ear-stalk,  large  and  strong.  A  large  coarse  looking  ear. 

No.  97,  Northern  pedigree;  Vaughan.     Corn  first  fit  for  use  in  77  days  from  planting. 

Stalk,  5^  to  7  feet  high,  leafy,  heavy;  ears,  white.  None  of  it  ripened  sufficiently 
for  a  description.  There  was,  probably,  a  mistake  made  in  sending  out  the  seed,  since, 
by  Vaughan's  description,  Northern  pedigree  is  the  earliest  sweet  corn  grown. 

LATE  VARIETIES — Colored,  not  white. 

No.  85,  Eruda;  E.  E.  Chester.  A  variety  not  catalogued.  Corn  fit  for  use  in  74 
days  from  planting. 

Stalk,  6j4  to  8  feet  high,  strong,  leafy;  tassels,  large,  many-branched,  drooping; 
suckers,  few;  husk-blades,  few,  small  to  medium  size;  ears,  2  to  3  feet  high,  dull  white 
and  black  mixed  (about  %  white),  cylindrical,  tapering  roundly  at  the  tip,  8  to  10  inches 
long,  1.8  to  2.2  inches  in  diameter,  kernels  even  at  the  butt,  filling  out  or  nearly  filling 
out  the  tip;  rows,  12  to  16,  regular;  pairs  of  rows,  not  distinct;  cob,  white,  1.2  to  1.4 
inches  in  diameter;  kernels,  loose,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  crinkled,  nearly  as  deep 
as  broad,  large. 

No.  ji,  Amber  cream;  Landreth.  No.  47,  Amber  cream  sweet;  Henderson.  Ears 
of  the  first  were  fit  for  use  in  71  days  and  of  the  second  in  72  days  from  planting. 

Stalks,  6  to  iy2  feet  high,  short-jointed,  stout;  tassels,  many-branched,  rather  slen- 
der and  drooping;  suckers,  many;  husk,  with  numerous  blades,  variable  in  size;  ear,  20 
to  24  inches  from  the  ground,  reddish  white  to  flesh  color,  cylindrical  or  tapering,  fre- 
quently curved,  long  and  rather  slender,  8  to  10^  inches  in  length,  1.5  to  1.8  inches  in 
diameter,  kernels  even  at  the  butt,  not  filled  out  at  the  tip;  rows,  10  or  12,  fairly  regular; 
pairs  of  rows,  not  distinctly  separated;  cob,  white,  .9  to  i.i  inches  in  diameter;  kernels, 
not  solid,  flatly  rounded  over  the  top,  as  deep  as  broad,  rather  thick,  crinkled.  Ears 
neat,  rather  handsome. 


i889.] 


EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN — 1888. 


137 


TABLE  SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  PLAT;  NAME  OF  VARIETY;  DATE  OF  FIRST  BLOOM, 
FULL  BLOOM,  AND  FIRST  EARS  FIT  FOR  USE;  DAYS  FROM  PLANTING;  YIELD; 
WEIGHT  OF  10  SELECTED  EARS;  PER  CENT.  OF  FULL  STAND. 


% 

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8-4 
8  6 

Date  first  fit  for  use. 

8 

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3 

12. 
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3 

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No.  of  nubbins. 

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Wt.  of  lo  selected  ears 
in  ounces. 

S> 

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3 
4 

6 

7 
8 

9 

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14 
15 

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17 
18 

19 

20 
21 
22 
23 

24 

25 
26 

27 
28 

29 
30 
31 

32 

33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 

39 
40 

4i 

42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

47 
48 
49 
50 
Si 
52 

Potter's  excelsior  

135 
134 
133 
131 
130 

133 

130 

136 
130 

131 

129 

134 
134 
132 

133 
129 
130 
136 
135 
'35 
'35 
132 
130 
131 
134 
136 
132 

134 
129 

134 
130 
129 
130 
131 
134 
132 

135 
129 
130 
133 
135 

7-26 

7-27 
7-25 

7-23 
7-17 
7  26 

7-13 
8-1 
7-16 

7-23 
7-18 

7-29 
7-27 
7-25 
7-27 
7-21 
7-16 

7    7O 

8-16 

S  18 

72 
74 
68 
68 
57 
7' 
54 
74 

t 

64 

61 

74 
72 
67 
7i 
63 

59 
76 

72 
7i 
74 
66 

56 
64 

72' 

73 

66 

74 
63 
73 
61 

63 
56 

65 
69 

6% 
76 

64 

55 
66 
76 
76 
66 
74 

M 

72 
64 

£ 
60 

80 
72 

47 
36 
40 

38 
48 
49 
48 
36 
38 
27 

21 
40 
48 

37 
38 
40 
46 
25 
45 
35 
43 
39 
44 
44 
35 
38 
4i 
46 
46 
48 
46 
48 
43 
48 
44 
48 
43 
32 
46 

45 
45 
39 
46 

48 
3i 
47 
48 
47 
44 
43 
35 
48 

133 

74 
86 
89 
131 

*59; 
136 

59 
70 

52 
40 

87 
149 
08 
i?6 
98 
1  02 

7° 
118 

74 
137 
74 
89 
124 
60 
104 
87 
143 
130 
129 
132 
131 
97 
J37 
93 
136 

97 

79 
90 

H5 
no 

77 
1  06 
107 
48 

15° 
1  20 

94 
114 
82 
67 
1  20 

75 
61 

44 
43 
45 
in 
76 
55 
34 
32 
18 

73 
93 
39 
80 

52 
36 

51 
"5 
5i 
70 

54 
68 
70 

58 
98 
70 
"3 
92 
117 

9i 
125 
69 

76 
65 
95 
Si 

35 
68 

135 

90 

105 
139 

IOO 

49 
109 
103 
72 
1  02 
50 
63 

IOO 

60 
35 
9i 
44 
66 

58 
57 
55 
47 
42 
38 
5° 
53 
65 
64 

85 
67 

43 
74 
68 
80 
91 
57 
64 
42 
52 
7i 
59 
79 
37 
64 
72 
70 

52 
30 
67 

38 

55 
62 

56 
43 
72 
46 
52 
48 
70 
43 
74 
66 
65 
38 
37 

32-75 
25-25 
19-5 
19-5 
23-75 
45-75 

22 
25-75 
12-75 
15  25 

7 
34-25 
40 
20.5 
38.25 

20 
15-75 

37-5 
44 
28 
40 
27-25 
17-5 
3i 
23 
36-25 
26.5 
43-75 
23 
39 
25 
35-5 
18 
28.25 
33 
3i 
42-75 
16.75 

15-5 
33-5 
37 

27.25 

35-75 
32-5 
11.5 

32 
37 
18.5 
38-5 
18 

32 
44-25 

I4 

65-5 

30 
52 
48 
68 

3i 

70 

33 
54 
36 
68 

65 
52.5 
75 
4i 
38 
118 
68.5 

59 
68 

56-5 

22 
56 

61 

57 
48 
57 
45 
56 
38 
43 
38 
53 
78 
54 
87 
55 
25 
37 
69 

4i 
44 
62 

29-5 

37 
65 
3i 
54 
34 
85-5 
81 

92 

49 
60 
62 
90 
no 

94 
40 

49 
36 
28 
69 
103 
68 
81 
68 
70 

49 
82 

5i 
95 
5i 
62 
86 
42 
72 
54 
99 
9° 
89 
92 

9i 

67 

95 
64 

94 
67 

55 
62 

101 

76 
53 
74 
75 
33 
104 

83 
65 
79 
57 
47 
83 

Black  Mexican  

8-4 
8-1 
7  29 

8-2 

7-20 
8-1  1 

7    22 

8-12 
8-12 

8-1 
8-15 

7-29 
8  iX 

Moore's  early  Concord. 
Adams'  early 

Livingston's  evergreen. 
Corv 

Effvotian 

7  3i 
8-8 

8-5 
8-18 
8-16 
8-9 
8-15 
8-7 
8  t 

Perry's  hybrid  

8-1 

7    27 

Early  Minnesota 

Stowell's  evergreen   .  .  . 
Early  mammoth  sugar  . 
Pee  and  Kay  ...        ... 

8-4 

8-2 

8-1 
8-3 
7-3i 

I    24- 

Asylum  sugar  

Crosby's  early  

Chicago  market     .    ... 

Late  mammoth 

8-9 

8-2 

8-4 
8-9 

8-5 
7-22 

7-30 
8-5 
8-8 

8-3 
8-3 
7-30 

8-3 
7-24 

7-27 
7-24 
73° 
8-10 

8-2 

8-6 

7-3i 
7-21 
8-1 
8-4 
8-ii 

7-30 
8-4 

7   24. 

8-20 

8-16 
8-15 
8-18 
8-10 

7-3i 
8-8 
8-16 
8-17 
8-10 
8-18 
8-7 
8-17 
8-5 
8-7 

7-3i 
8-9 

8-13 

8-13 

8-20 

8-8 

7-3° 
8  10 

8-20 

8-18 
8-10 
8-18 

7   ^O 

Triumph      

7-26 
7-26 
7~30 

7-25 

7-16 
7-21 
7-28 
7-29 
7-24 
7-27 
7-19 
7-27 
7-18 
7-20 
7-13 
7-23 
7-3° 
7-26 

7-29 
7-19 

7-i3 
7-23 
7-27 
7-30 
7-23 
7-27 

7-i3 
7-19 

7-27 
7-21 
7-26 
7-17 

8-2 

7  27 

Old  Colony  

Improved  evergreen  .  .  . 
Stabler's  early  

Cory  .  . 

Breck's  premier  

Perry's  hybrid  

Egyptian  

Stabler's  early 

Early  8  rowed  
Crosby's  early   

Darling's  sugar. 

Early  red  Narragansett 
Early  sweet  or  sugar.  .  . 
Extra  early  Marblehead 
Moore's  early  Concord. 
Stowell's  evergreen  .... 
Stabler's  ex.  early  sweet 
Roslyn  hybrid  sweet.  .  . 
Crosby's  ex.  early  sugar 
Early  Cory  

Black  Mexican  sweet  .  . 
Triumph  sweet  

Little  gem  sweet   .  .  . 

Black  Mexican  sugar.  .  . 
Large  early  8-row'd  sw't 
Cory  early  sugar 

133 
134 
130 
129 
136 
128 
132 
129 
136 
»34 

Crosby's  early  sugar.  .  . 
Amber  cream  sweet.  .  .  . 
Golden  sugar       .        .    . 

'      f 

7-26 

8-3 
?? 

86 
8-16 
8-8 

8  n 

Squantum  sugar. 

Extra  early  Tom  Thumb 
Mammoth  sugar  

o 
7-25 
8-14 

8-2 

8-4 
8-24 
8-16 

Hickox  improved  sugar 

138 


BULLETIN    NO.    4. 


[February, 


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Weight  of  corn  —  Ib. 

Wt.  of  10  selected  ears 
in  ounces. 

? 
o 
n 

a 

o 
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u> 

P* 

3 
CL 

53 
54 

M 

57 
58 

12 
60 

61 
62 

63 
64 

65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 

7t 
72 

73 
74 
75 
76 

77 
78 

79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 

87 
88 

89 
90 

9' 
92 

Stabler's  early  sugar.  .  . 
Roslyn  hybrid  sugar  .  .  . 
Early  Landreth  market 
Hickox  improved  

132 

135 
129 

134 
130 

134 
129 
130 
133 

136 

131 
134 

135 
129 

131 

133 

129 

131 

136 

132 
130 

129 
128 

7-25 
7-26 

7-13 
7-28 
7-18 
7-28 
7-21 
7-18 
7-25 
7-30 
7-24 
7-27 
7-18 
7-18 
7-21 
7-27 

7-13 
7-21 

7-27 

7-23 
7-14 

7-21 
7-21 

7-30 

8-1 
7-17 
7-17 
7-30 
7-27 
7-22 

7-3° 
7-24 
7-28 
7-29 
7-25 
7-22 

7-3i 
8-4 

8-5 
8-1 

8-2 

8-3 
7-20 

8-5 

7-27 

8-7 
7-29 
7-27 
8-1 

8-5 

8-2 

8-6 

8  1 

8-15 
8-16 

7-3i 
8-15 
8-4 
8-16 
8-8 

8-3 
8-L 

8-18 
8-1  1 
8-18 
8-17 
8-6 
8-8 
8-15 

8-2 

8-7 
8  iq 

7i 
72 

56 
71 
60 

72 
64 

59 
70 

74 
67 
74 
73 
62 
64 
7i 
58 
63 
7i 
66 

55 
64 

63 

74 
76 

57 
59 
76 

& 

65 

74 
70 

74 
74 
68 

64 
80 
72 

77 
70 

47 
44 
46 
46 

48 

41 
46 
46 
45 
47 
48 
4i 
47 
46 
48 
46 

43 
46 
46 
47 
48 
44 
4i 

Sl 
46 

48 
44 

i 

47 
26 

47 
7 
42 
45 
47 

45 
48 

48 
39 
H 

88 
92 
142 

102 

"3 
60 
109 

105 
no 

126 

"3 
7i 
in 

94 
130 
105 
87 
93 
125 
134 
131 
104 

78 
85 
95 
127 

89 
i 
123 

39 

127 

12 

72 

118 
126 
in 
132 
129 

65 
17 

80 

92 

91 

65 

H 

9° 
no 

122 

55 
72 

i°5 
60 
129 
106 
52 
75 
"5 
89 
67 

99 
66 

42 
38 

52 
41 

81 

4i 
66 

65 
40 
70 
65 
52 
42 
74 
49 
66 

101 

71 
31 

49 
08 

90 

112 

32 
42 
28 
32 
25 
33 
24-25 
26.25 

41-5 
46 

23-5 
32.5 

42.5 

21 
35-25 
47-5 
22 
28.25 

37-5 
27-75 

22 

38.75 
22-5 

60 

74 
44-5 
59 

i9 
80 

42 

44 
67 

59 
54 
70 
61 
39 

P 
64 

33 
4i 
58 
48 
36 
48 
33 

61 
64 
99 
7i 
88 
42 
76 
73 
76 
87 
78 
49 
77 
65 
90 

73 
60 

65 
87 
93 
91 

72 
54 

59 
66 

88 
62 

Extra  early  Adams  .... 
Early  mammoth  sugar  . 
Ex.  early  Crosby's  sugar 
Ex.  early  Narragansett.. 
Red  cob  sugar  

Egyptian  sugar   

Early  Concord  sugar.  .  . 
Evergreen  sweet  

Triumph  sugar     

Extra  early  Minn,  sugar 
Darling    

7-28 
7   1O 

Landreth  sugar  

8-3 
7-23 
7-29 

8-2 

7-28 

7   21 

Dolly  Dutton  sugar.  .  .  . 
Golden  sugar  

Amber  cream   . 

Shakers'  early  sweet.  .  . 
Marblehead  sugar  .  .    . 

8-10 

7-3° 
8-8 

8-7 
8-18 

8-20 

8-1 
8-3 

8-20 

8-13 
8-9 
8-18 
8-14 
8-18 
8-18 

8-12 

8  8 

Crosby's  ex.  early  sugar 
Early  orange  sugar.  .  .  . 

7-29 
7-28 

8-9 

8-12 

7-24 
7-24 
7-3° 
8-3 

8-2 

8-6 
8-1 

8-5 
8-6 

7-3° 
7-28 

8-12 

8  14 

Ne  plus  ultra 

Ballard's  extra  early.  .  . 
New  Cory  

130 
130 

61 
82 

89 
71 

23-25 
24-75 

4i 
39 

Early  Tom  Thumb 

Large  8  rowed  

134 
133 
135 
133 
136 
135 
132 
131 

136 

134 
136 
132 

130 
67 
in 
8 
80 
164 
no 
85 
98 
57 
64 
3 

75 
39 

96 
36 
134 
72 
68 
65 
94 
4i 
13 

56.75 
26.25 
40.5 

3-5 
4i 
5i 

47.25 

32-5 
36-5 
22.75 
26.5 
1.25 

61 
65 
51 
47 
82 

43 
63 
56 
57 
43 
54 
16 

85 
27 
84 
8 

5° 
82 

87 
77 
92 
90 
45 

12 

Early  orange  sweet  .... 
Excelsior  sugar  

Early  Adams  

Eruda  

Stabler's  ex.  early  sugar 
Albany  sugar 

Egyptian  .  . 

8-24 

827 

Early  sugar   .... 

Northern  pedigree  
Sweet  fodder  

8-27 
8-5 

8-25 

THOS.  J.  BURRILL, 

Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 


G.  W.  MCCLUER, 

Assistant  Horticulturist. 


1889.]  EXPERIMENTS    WITH    SWEET    CORN — 1888.  139 

All  communications  intended  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
not  to  any  person,  but  to  the 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  CHAMPAIGN,  ILLINOIS. 

The  bulletins  of  the  Experiment  Station  will  be  sent  free  of  all 
charges  to  persons  engaged  in  farming  who  may  request  that  they  be  sent. 
They  will  be  paged  consecutively,  and  when  enough  matter  has  been 
issued  for  a  volume,  a  title  page  and  an  index  will  be  sent  out  with  the 
closing  number,  so  that  those  who  will  preserve  their  bulletins  may,  if 
they  wish,  bind  them  up  in  a  form  convenient  for  future  reference. 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY, 

President  Board  of  Direction. 


ORGANIZATION. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

JOSEPH  W.  FIFER.  Governor  of  Illinois. 

GEORGE  S.  HASKELL,  Rockford,  President  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 
RICHARD  EDWARDS,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

ALEXANDER  McLEAN,  President  Board  of  Trustees. 

S.  M.  MILLARD,  Highland  Park.  GEORGE  R.  SHAWHAN,  Urbana. 

CHARLES  BENNETT,  Mattoon.  W.  W.  CLEMENS,  Marion. 

OLIVER  A.   HARKER,  Carbondale.  FRANCIS  M.  McKAY,  Chicago. 

EMORY  COBB,  Kankakee.  SAMUEL  A.  BULLARD,  Springfield. 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTION  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY,  Champaign,  Regent  of  the  University,  President. 

E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign,  of  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

HENRY  M.  DUNLAP,  Savoy,  of  State  Horticultural  Society. 

H.  B.  CURLER,  DcKalb,  of  State  Dairymen's  Association. 

EMORY  COBB,  Kankakee,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

CHARLES  BENNETT,  Mattoon,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

GEORGE  S.  HASKELL,  Rockford,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  Champaign,  Professor  of  Agriculture. 

THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  Urbana,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Horticulture. 


WILLIAM  L.  PILLSBURY,  Champaign,  Secretary. 

THE  STATION  STAFF. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  M.  A.,  Agriculturist. 
THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  Ph.  D.,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 

DONALD  McINTOSH,  D.  V.  S.,  Veterinarian. 

THOMAS  F.  HUNT,  B.  S.,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 

GEORGE  W.  McCLUER,  B.  S..  Assistant  Horticulturist. 

ALBERT  G.  MANNS,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant  Chemist. 

HARRY  S.  GRINDLEY.  B.  S.,  Assistant  Chemist. 


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